Letter 10

Unknownsister, dearer to him than eyes and life, Ambrose|c. 386 AD|ambrose milan
arianismconversionimperial politicsslavery captivitywomen
From: Ambrose, Bishop of Milan
To: His sister Marcellina
Date: ~386 AD
Context: A vivid account of the basilica crisis in Milan — the Arian court demanded a church for their use, the people rose up, soldiers occupied the building but then fraternized with the Catholics, and Ambrose held firm under intense imperial pressure.

To my sister, dearer to me than eyes and life.

Since you ask anxiously in every letter about the state of the church here, let me tell you what is happening. The day after I received your letter — in which you mentioned that your dreams were troubling you — a storm of heavy troubles began. This time it was not the Portian basilica outside the walls that was demanded, but the New Basilica inside the walls, the larger one.

First, senior officials — counts of the consistory — came to me and urged me to surrender the basilica and ensure that the people made no disturbance. I gave the only answer a bishop can give: a temple of God cannot be surrendered by a priest.

The next day the people voiced their support in church. The prefect came and tried to persuade us to yield at least the Portian basilica. The people refused. He withdrew, saying he would report to the emperor.

The following day was Sunday. After the readings and the sermon, while I was delivering the creed to the catechumens in the baptistery, I received word that officials had been sent from the palace to seize the Portian basilica — hanging the imperial curtains as a sign of confiscation. When the people heard this, they surged toward the Portian basilica. I remained at the altar and began the liturgy.

Then soldiers were sent to occupy the basilica. But when they arrived and saw the crowds of faithful people, they began to join them. The soldiers entered, yes — but to pray, not to fight. The news sent a wave of joy through the congregation. The troops sent to enforce the emperor's will had defected to Christ.

I preached. I drew comparisons with Job — a man tested by suffering, assaulted by every side, yet faithful. I pointed out that even Job's greatest trial came not from his enemies but from his own wife, who told him to curse God and die [Job 2:9]. Women, I said, are often the instrument through which the devil attacks — Eve in the garden, Jezebel against Elijah, Herodias against John the Baptist. And now the empress mother Justina [an Arian sympathizer] plays the same role against the church of Milan.

The basilica was released. The imperial cloths were removed. The people sang hymns of thanksgiving. But a notary came to me privately and delivered a threat: "Ambrose, you despise the emperor. I see that you wish for death." I replied: "God grant that I do not deserve it. But I do not fear it. You do the work of Arians, not emperors."

When the emperor's courtiers told him the soldiers had gone over to the church, Valentinian cried out: "If Ambrose ordered it, you would hand me over to him in chains!" To which I can only say: God forbid. But I will not surrender what belongs to God.

Calligonus, the emperor's chamberlain, sent me a message: "While I am alive, you dare to treat Valentinian with contempt? I will have your head." I answered: "God grant you may carry out your threat. I shall suffer as bishops suffer, and you will act as eunuchs act."

May God avert such times from us. But if they come, the church will be ready.

Modern English rendering for readability. See the 19th-century translation or original Latin/Greek for scholarly use.

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