Letter 1

|c. 490 AD|avitus vienne
arianismbarbarian invasiongrief deathtravel mobility
From: Avitus, bishop of Vienne
To: Victorius, bishop
Date: ~490 AD
Context: A substantial legal-theological opinion on whether churches built by Arian heretics can be reconsecrated for Catholic use — a pressing question in Burgundian Gaul where the Arian king Gundobad had recently allowed Catholic worship.

Avitus, bishop, to Bishop Victorius.

You asked — or rather commanded, dearest brother — that I write to Your Beatitude and explain whether heretics' chapels or churches can be adapted for the use of our faith when their founders have corrected their error and come over to the Catholic law. A worthy question indeed, if only you had found someone adequate to answer it. Since you insist, however, I will set out below what I think follows logically — not with any finality that would deny others the right to weigh in, provided they support whatever they decide either with clear reasoning or with authority drawn from the canonical books.

The question you raise about private chapels and small churches is as difficult to settle as the question of the heretics' main churches. For what must be urged upon Catholic kings is whatever has been decided regarding their subjects. So I ask first: if the bishops of our own king's territory — whose agreement with us in the true faith God has granted — are consulted by their prince, can we really say that churches established for heretics by his father should be handed over to the Catholic side? Even if we were to urge this, or even if the king agreed, the heretics would have some grounds to claim they are being persecuted — and it better suits Catholic gentleness to endure the slanders of heretics and pagans than to inflict them.

Consider this too: after the death of our king (God grant him the longest life), since nothing about the course of time should be considered fixed, some heretic might come to reign. Whatever persecution he then inflicts on places and persons, he will be said to have done not out of zeal for his sect but in retaliation — and the blame will fall on us even after our deaths, since whatever our descendants suffer will be counted as our sin. And perhaps God's mercy will grant that this prince's offspring, having received the fullness of the faith, will follow their Catholic founder. But what if some king of another confession, ruling in his own territory, decides to avenge in kind what he considers an injury done here to his own bishops?

I say plainly: if a polluted altar can be consecrated, then the bread placed upon it could equally be transferred for our sacrifices — which no one would accept. What is first granted to heretics is a passage to the divine promise, enjoyed in freedom. The person makes the transition; the insensible object, first polluted when it was dedicated, cannot — I confess my ignorance — be purified by any subsequent sanctification.

Modern English rendering for readability. See the 19th-century translation or original Latin/Greek for scholarly use.

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