Letter 3

Gelasius IUnknown|gelasius i
pelagianism

Pope Gelasius I to the bishops of Picenum.

Barbaricis hactenus dolebámus incursibus especially uicinas urbi prouincias and bellorum saeua tempestate uastari, but quantum among ipsa recentium: calamitatum feruentia perieula comperimus, pernieiosiorem, diabolus Cliristianorum mentibus labem quam corporibus. hostilis feritas irrogauit. that malum principaliter illarum regionum respicit priests, who tanta segnitia tantaque ministerii dissimulatione suscepti commissarum to himself neglegunt regimen animarum, so that eas also ab exiguis quibusque bestiolis lacerari under conspectibus suis impune patiantur, quin. immo subrepentes nequitias confouendo and deprauatoribus adquiescendo fidelium not solum minime retrahant but ipsi more praebeant proprio nutrimenta perditionis exemplo. what moreover tales essent acturi pontifices, if, that absit, or aliqua noua pestis and primitus - ignorata prorumperet or ingeniis acrioribus sensibusque uersutis or aliqua saecularium doctrinarum peritia callidis saerilega blasphemiarum dieta promerentur, who so ueteris erroris detrita commenta tamque maioribus ecclesiarum | magistris quam also nostra aetate conuicta not recolunt nor refutant atque ab imperitis stultisque prolata not respuunt? gratias omnipotenti to God, since suorum corda through huiusmodi personas examinat, who this ipsum uirus nesciunt, that locuntur. for what facerent populorüm praesules under astutioribus inimicis, who himself subiciunt libenter indoctis, when utique, etiamsi tanta was in rectoribus dominici gregis prorsus 49. | gives. a. 493 die Now. — Edd. Car. I? 346; Collect. Concil.; BT 95; Thiel 325; particulas tantum adfert Bar. to a. 493 9 iciriT PAPE.. PELANAX heresim V — 3 epsc uniuerisis epr V — 4 delebamus V, corr. o? 6 seruentia V, corr. o 7 coperimus V 8 làbe V seritas V, corr. o 10 tantas egnitia V. 15 solum «eas» Car. 16 exeplo V aucturi V, corr. o?: 18 or Car.: or what V — sensibus who V, corr. o 20 blasphemarum V, corr. o? — 24 to God «agimus? Car. 2426 praesule V, corr. o? — austutioribus V — 27 who o: que V Qndo V Gelasius I. against Pelagianam haeresim to Picenos ignauia, so that nor so uilem hebetemque.personam possint or intellegere or frenare, pastorali cura debuerint a to us cognoscenda perquirere quam suasionibus inconsideranter absurdis facilem summittere uoluntatem? — oblatus is for to us miserabilis senex Seneca in the name of, who not modo totius s may be eruditionis alienus but ipsius also intellegentiae communis prorsus extraneus, in Pelagianae uoraginis caeno, sicut concerning quibusdam in Apoealypsi legimus, uelut una ranarum imprudenter immersus inque that faece horribiliter uolutatus, nullatenus, inde qualiter emergere posset, inueniens, because 1: puritatem relinquens catholicae ueritatis, quanto himself through lubricum falsitatis conatur adtollere, tanto more his lutosis foueis cireumelusus obruitur, concerning illis unus existens, concerning quibus Petrus says apostolus: hi uero uelut inrationabilia pecora naturaliter in captionem and in perniciem 15 in his, which ignorant, blasphemantes in corrupti-. one sua peribuntrecipientes mercedem iniustitiae. 5 re true for sie his stolidus and obtunsus is animus, so that. concerning e his uenenis, which male hausit and uomuit, nullam rationem or accipere ualeat entirely or reddere but induratus obcaecatione Ὁ diabolica sibique now traditus cordis sui funesta may be obstinatione damnatus nihilque supersit ei, unless so that God our, who said, which hominibus impossibilia uidentur, at 86 to be facilia, huiusmodi mentem potenti compunctione transfigat, so that secundum beatum apostolum Paulum resipiscat«a» diaboli ss laqueis, 4a quo» captiuus detinetur the sentence diuini iudicii. multa illi, which concerning Pelagianis sensibus nor ἡ Apoc. 16, 13. Petr. IL 2, 12 sq. Matth. 19, 26 Tim. II 2, 26 1 hebetemque ez hebetemqui 4 facile Bar. Ἢ pelagiana euoraginis V 8. apocalipsi V — uelut V 9 orribiliter V 15 captione V, corr. Edit. reg. secundum Vulgatam 17 peribunt Edit. reg. when Vulgata: and peribunt V. percipientes Ed. reg. when Vwlgata 28 ἃ add. o? secundum Vwlgatam 26 ἃ quo inserui Secundum Vulgatam, quibus ὗ: om. V Epist. XCIV 4—8 359 insomnis entirely contigerat, we more patefacta prodidimus eaque dudum conuicta to have been monstrauimus; this also ipsa, which idem proferre uidebatur, olim and ab haereticis Pelagianis in medium producta docuimus and ἃ catholicis praedicatoribns competenter elisa, Pelagium Caelestium Iulianum ceterosque complures oratoriae faeundiae uiros in hae adsertione probauimus to have been conuictos and so ecclesiasticis constitutis quam imperialibus percussos to have been praeceptis; proinde istum ferre not posse firmauimus, in quibus illi tales «t»antique prostrati are, who nor ipsa, which ab illis are disputata, or intellectu eapere or eloquio simili may be able adstruere. but, so that dictum is, diabolica mens ins$piratione possessa in profundum ueniens now malorum to remedia no consentit. quapropter concerning innumeris blasphemiarum generibus, quas auctores Pelagianae haeresis ediderunt, tria, which to himself praecipue hie senex lugendus adsciuit, credidimus not tacenda, so that reserata manifestius panderentur and to God destruente facilius uitarentur euersa. in uteris, inquiunt, matrum opere divine creantur infantes: propterea iustum uideri not pntant, that factura of God without ullis propriis aetionibus cuiquam peccato gignatur obstrieta, iniustumque God faciunt, if rei efficiantur antequam mati. this uelut aeutissimum sui dogmatis exerunt argumentum not aduertentes, because primi illi parentes generis humani, concerning nullis utique genitoribus but concerning innoxia limi materia procreati ὖ pure atque sincere potenter arte divine compacti faetique rationales, propria uoluntate seductorem secuti diabolum prauis cupiditatibus through excessum praeuaricationi: infecti are. in quibus utique humana natura peecauit and humana is facta natura uitiosa, receptrix without dubio mali, that before nescierat, because a bono rectoque deficiens in affectum mali prauique 11 cf. Prou. 18, 3 lip somnis Car. contigerant Binius Ὸ 8. qua eidem V, corr. o? 8 percussus V, corr. o? — ferre V: ferri dubitanter Thiel 9 antique V, corr. Car. 10 intellecta V, correxi 20 sq. iniustum whom V, corr. o 23 aduerentes V, corr. o 29 «ἰ receptrix p. 80 because a scripsi: who a V, because », which a Car. Gelasius I. against Pelagianam haeresim to Picenos recidere ipgo rerum consequentium tramite manifestum is. 9tales therefore effecti principes nostrae substantiae semet ipsos passibiles and corruptibiles reddiderunt, in tantum éonditionis diuinae dona uiolantes, so that mortis fuerint ultioné puniti. hac for die to have been mortuos, qua mortales effecti are, ambiguum not habetur. proinde quidquid isti genitores concerning suo germine protulerunt, opus indeed of God is secundum institutionem naturae but not absque contagio illius mali, that sua praeuaricatione traxerunt, and utique this, id is ipsius mali contalOgium, certum is opus not to be diuinum. and so not from creatione of God is uitium, that uoluntario motu natura collegit, but also concerning uitiata through semet ipsam natura God institutionem suam indeed suae creationis exsequitur, but creatio profert uitium, that not from institutione creatoris received but that ipsa through lapsum suae transgressionis adsumpsit. for if ipsi primi people from nullis, so that dictum is, parentibus nati and without ullo formati contagio through ambitum praesumptionis inlicitae semet ipsos deprauare potuerunt and in opere of God opus diabolieae fraudis annectere, what mirum, if idem deprauati protulerunt 11 80 016) deprauatam? nonne also when God utique liberam » condiderit humanam sua creatione substantiam, also at humanas however leges extrinsecus accedens seruitus naturaliter eam reddit obstriciam ὐ obnoxiam? origine generantur obnoxii and from conditione seruili gignuntur addicti and nascendo fiunt prius obligati quam geniti. if this agitur concerning rebus extra 96 naturam positis, quanto more concerning his prouenire not mirum is, quibus ipsa humana substantia deprauata cognoscitur? ac through this sicut himself ipsa humana substantia concerning institutione sincera actuum reproborum rea did uoluntate pollutam, thus edidit subolem atque progeniem naturae suae from actuum y suorum rea uoluntate maculosam, because huiusmodi genuit prolem, cuiusmodi himself ipsa reddidit praeuaricationis excessu, 9 id V: idem « 10 sq. from creatione ἷ: execratione V — 18 suam del. p? 15 labsum V 17 inlicite V 22 accidens V, corr. Car. 24 giguntur V 25 abligati V, corr. o? Epist. XCIV 9—14. 961 ideoque not solum concerning himself profert, that well God instituit, but eliam that male ipsa inconsequenter adiecit. | quemadmodum 12 moreover qualitas interior appetendi Jgaleat inmutare naturam, diuinae lectionis auctoritate firmatur. thus finally paseenti $ Iacob commissus that grex ouium subposita canalibus uarietate uirgarum. while potat, illectus affectionali delectatione concepit,. that not habuit in natura, and inolitum sensibus transfudit in prolem, that in creatione not sumpsit. that then utique figuraliter gestum and in eeclesiasticis significauit gregibus lioc 19 futurum and Pelagianorum God praeuidens calumnias from. citandas fidelibus suis documenti certioris intellegentiam prae. parauit. docent divine testimonia and ipsa ecclesiastica sacra13 menta ὐ ab ipso to the Lord saluatore catholicorum traditio magistrorum humanae generationis decolorata primordia. hinc 15 is, that clamat propheta: who gloriabitur castum himself haberecoraut mundum to be a peccatis? nor infans, whose is unius diei life above terram. hine is, that item says sernptura: who can to do mundum concerning inmundo conceptum semine? nonne you, who solus 80 eS? and alibi, because semen inquit was maledictum. nor not also Dauid propheta testifies: in iniquitatibus conceptus sum and in delietis peperit me mater mea; and if this that says, who aliter himself adserat procreatum? blessed apostolus also Paulus adserit: and we aliquandol4 e; eramus natura sons irae sicut and ceteri. concerning qua ira in euangelio says: who crediderit and baptizatus may have been, has uitam aeternam; who moreover not crediderit, now iudicatus is and ira of God manet above eum, that utique, qua dictum is: morte morieris. ipse the Lord 4 cf. Gen. 80, 37 sqq. Prou. 20, 9; cf. Iob 14, 4 (LXX) Iob 14, 5 (LXX) Iob 14, 4 Sap. 12,11 Psalin. 50, 7 Eph. 2, 8 26 cf. Marc. 16, 16; Ioh. 3, 18 and 36 Gen. 2, 17 9862 Gelasius I. against Pelagianam haeresim to Picenos | Iesus Christ caelesti uoce pronuntiat: who not manducauerit carnem sons hominis and biberit sanguinem his, not habebit uitam in semet ipso. where utique neminem uidemus exceptum nor ausus is aliqui dicere paruulum without this sacramento salutari to aeternam uitam posse perduci; without that moreover life in perpetual futurum 15 morte not dubium is. cur therefore infans hac sorte concluditur, if nullum has entirely peccatum magisque uidebitur. that absit, iniustus God, if illic infligatur poena, where no may be culpa? from which when concerning propriis actibus nullo reatu teneatur ὸ obstrietus, nihil restat, unless so that sola may be uitiosa natiuitate pollutus, and if not may have been mysterii Christiani participatione mundatus, to uitam not can peruenire perpetuam. binc is, that exsufflantur and catechizantur infantes, so that because in opere of God, quo in anctore suo well are instituti, opus diabolicae i malignitatis accessit, eruti concerning potestate tenebrarum, sieut docet apostolus, to sons of God sortem purgationemque legitimam l6 transferantur. unless moreover prima generatio, quam bonam God instituit, praeuaricatione uenisset in culpam and reprobabilis esset effecta, secunda generatio subroganda not fuerat. propso ter that says blessed Paulus apostolus: sicut through unum man peccatum intrauit in mundum and through peccatum death, and thus in all people pertransiit, in quo all peccauerunt, and paulo after: therefore sicut through unius delictum in all people in condemnatis onenr, thus and through unius iustitiam in all people in iustificationem uitae. sicut moreover all in condemnationem says utique, who concerning Adam parente are geniti, thus all in iustificationem uitae not unless illos adstruit, Ioh. 6,54 Col 1, 13.21 Rom. 5, 12. Rom. 5, 18 9 ipsum V, corr. Thiel secundum Vulgatam (cf. p. 363, 21 and 29) 4 aliquis (corr. from alicui) o? 14 exsuflantur V catetizantur V, corr. p? — so that scripsi: and Vo? 15 quo o? Thiel: that V — auctores Y. corr. o. 17 filiorum p? — 18 transferuntur ὗ primo V, corr. o? 28 parentaes unigeniti V, corr. o? — 29 adstruitur V, corr. p Epist. XCIV 15—90. 963 who in. of Christ mysterio are renati. innumeris talibus 17 instrumentis haeresis Pelagianae doctrina mortifera and a nostris is conuicta maioribus and nune their copiosa pocte)st eruditione conuinci nor debent simplices animos ista turbare, quibus, which not intellegunt, seeundum ecclesiasticam formam credidisse sufficiet or, if who nosse desiderat, interrogare conueniet. concerning paruulis moreover that adserit without sacro baptismate for 18 solo originali peeeato «not» posse damnari, satis impia, satis profana propositio is. quamuis for recentes ab utero matrum iu remissionem peccatorum baptizari no Christian ignorat, that utique not fallaciter but ueraciter catholic. celebrat the church, lest in sacramentis caelestibus, that absit, mentita uideatur. proinde because propria not habeant ulla pec15 Cata, constat to them sola prorsus originaria relaxari and so, quibus eliam solis remissis uitam through baptismum consecuntur aeternam, consequens is, so that solis also not remissis to aeternam uitam peruenire not possint. from which and the Lord, sicut superius 19 diximus, ait, that utique unless baptizato not conuenit: who s not manducauerit carnem sons hominis and biberit sanguinem his, not habebit uitam in semet ipso. without life moreover to be perpetual what is, unless in sempiterna morte constitui? quamuis idem may be (kingdom caelorum" that 'aeterna life', however so that prouidentia of God ommes Pelagianorum 85 hequitias amputaret, not solum dietum is: who not may have been renatus from aqua and the Holy Spirit, not intrabit in kingdom eaelorum, but also pariter dietum is: who not manducauerit carnem sons hominis and biberit sanguinem his, not habebit uitam in semet ipso. concerning life 80 àutem aeterna hoe dietum no addubitat, since multi not manducantes this sacramentum uitam uideantur habere praesentem, nihil is therefore, that dicant, that mon renati20 [3 e Ioh. 6, 54 Ioh. 3, 5 Ioh, 6, 54 Gelasius I. against Pelagianam haeresim to Picenos infantes tantummodo in kingdom caelorum ire not ualeant, not moreover perpetual damnatiocne» puniantur, while without baptismate corpus ei sanguinem of Christ nor edere ualeant nor potare, without hoec moreover uitam in semet ipsis hàbere not possint, without life uero not. unless mortui sint futuri. dicant s therefore, in morte perpetual constituti if not aestimentur to be damnati; tollant therefore concerning medio nescio whom ipsi tertium, whom decipiendis paruulis faciunt, locum and, because not unless dextram partem legimus and sinistram, not illos faciant in sinistra regione without baptismate remanere but baptizatos 10 sinant to dexteram salutarem sacra regeneratione transferri. Tertio capitulo now toto mundo cognita atque conuicta ea Pelagianorum deliramenta circumfert, quibus dicunt, that man. through liberum arbitrium, that corrupit foedauit ac perdidit, bono suffragante naturae blessed efficitur, when concerning blessed15 tudine paradisi, where bona fuerat constituta substantia, unless suo amisso bono nullatenus potuisset expelli, therefore mortalis effecta, because concerning bono utique praeuaricatione transisset to malum and a participatione divine to diabolica semet facinora €ontulisset: therefore deceptori 8uo, to whom uolens adsenserat, competenter addictus, therefore concerning felicitatis suae with love seclusus atque to spinas and tribulos miseriasque multiplices caelesti uoce damnatus is; which utique poena iusti iudicii so grauis and aspera in bono perseueranti nullatenus esset inflicta and unless malo not conue22nienter inlata probaretur. ecce without divine suffragio, that in ss that beatitudine positus never legitur expetisse, not solum. homini naturale bonum prodesse not potuit, not solum not effecit beatum, but when hoe solo confidit atque to his not reuertitur largitorem, and beatitudinem rather amisit and malorum 23-omnium sumpsit exordium. | that moreover libero arbitrio blessed98 Epist. XCIV 21—96. 365 tüdinem consequantur (quo male usus in perpetuam recidit seruitutem, sicut scriptum is: who facit peccatum, Seruus is peccati; a quo who superatur, huic and seruus addicitur), nonne this is that praesumptio naturalis, which to detestandae captiuitatis iura descendit, quam scriptura holy thus memorat: graue iugum above filios Adam a die exitus concerning uentre matris their usque in diem sepulturae in matre omnium? concerning qua genus humanum 24 not unless solus the Lord our lesus Christ commercio suae 10 redemit passionis and mutata natiuitate.nos eruit; solus utique came quaerere and saluare that perierat, so that libertas, which through temerariam fuerat deiecta superbiam, instauraretur reparata through grace mutuaque uice humanae uoluntatis arbitrium, sicut sequendo diabolum captiuitatem meruerat sempi15 ternam, sie reformatae subsequendo libertatis auctorem amissum rediret to praemium. hinc is, that ipse the Lord ait:25 when you son liberauerit, then uere liberi eritis, and apostolus blessed Paulus exsequitur: eum serui essetis peccati, liberi fuistis iustitiae (id is alieni a iustitia"), 0 liberati moreover a peccato serui facti estis iustitiae, and iterum idem ipse libertatem inquit qua you Christ. Niberauit. nonne ipse uas electionis adfirmat and says: God is, who operatur in to you and uelle and perficere for bona uoluntate, lest also in mala uoluntate and uelle and. 25 perficere God putaretur operari?. that moreover Pelagianorum peculiare uirus is olimque detritum, 26 quo putànt grace of God secundum merita hominum posse conferri, that absit a mentibus Christianis, when praefatus testetur aposto Ioh. 8, 84 Petr. II 2, 19 Eccli. 40, 1 Luc.:19, 10 Ioh. 8, 86 Rom, 6, 20 ἱ 22 Gal. 4, 31 Philipp. 2, 18 | Gelasius I. against Pelagianam haeresim to Picenos lus: grace is, which gratis datur; alioquin if from operibus, grace now not is grace, because merces redditur, not 27 gratis (from which 'grace! name aecepit) impenditur. who moreover audeat himself dicere Christian aliquid habere boni without grace, when magister gentium clamet cuncta breuiter in himself dona conclus dens: grace of God sum id, that sum, and grace his in me uacua not was, so that ostenderet, because donum of grace not ipse praecesserit but may have been subsecutus? utque monstraret cooperatorem himself of grace subsequendo, but plus to all inquit illis laboraui, ac rursus ueritus, lest concerning himself praesumere uideretur, adiunxit: not I, but grace of God mecum. not said *I and grace of God mecum', but praeposuit grace prae28 cedentem seseque subiunxit. what moreover haberi may be able without grace, when may be faith ipsa through grace, eodem apostolo we docente: miserieordiam consecutus sum, so that fidelis essem? nor aliud is misericordia divine quam grace. audiamus also, quemadmodum informat the church: grace inquit salui facti estis. through faith, so that principium salutis and of the faith 8 grace coepisse dissereret, sicut secutus anuectit: and this not from to you, but of God donum is, not exse operibus, lest who extollatur. idem ipse alibi generaliier and absolute pronuntiat dicens: what for habes, that not accepisti? or if accepisti, what gloriaris quasi not 29acceperis? who sufficiat singula recensere, quibus euidenter apparet not naturalis libertatis arbitrium grace promereri ss but rather through grace recipere so that a seruitute, quam peccando meruerat, misericorditer absolutum? huius sacramenti redemp-. tione before mundi principium sempiterna prouidentia praepatáti, siue nondum prolata lege seu under obseruatione legali, figuralibus signis atque sacrificiis omnium sanctorum uirorum sw m 1 cf. Rom. 11, 6 6 sqq. Cor. I 15, 10 Cor. I 7, 25 1799 Eph. 2, 8 Cor. 1 4, 7 £n e Epist. XCIV 927—332. 967 feminarumquesanctarum uetus origo mundata is uniuersisque iustis through of grace spiritum this concerning longe adorando mysterio salutis aeternae remedia contigerunt, whose in in Christ manifestata gentibus plenitudo mundum purgat and renouat beatitudinisque perpetuae uere facit to be participes. Quapropter nimis ineusamus brothers and coepiscopos nostros, 30 especially through Piceni prouincias the church of the Lord gubernantes, who not solum ineptissimi senis abieetaeque personae prauum not deterruere colloquium uerum also suo nutriuere consensu. who audiat, who ferat passos to be pontifices, so that cadauer nescio that indignum presbyterum to himself not adquiescentem auderet in communion priuare? quomodo talis or susceptus ab 31 aliquo or patienter auditus is, who insuper leges gave libenter acceptas, so that serui of God when puellis saeris congregatione dedecorissima miscerentur? for when spiritales animi, also when desint ista consortia, imaginariis infestentur illecebris, quemadmodum alterni sexus intuitu, who illieit, and nolentes, not uehementius incitentur? adhue maius scelus aderescit, so that under conspectu and praesentia of the priests blessed memoriae Hieronymum atque Augustinum ecclesiasticorum lumina magistrorum musca moritura, sicut scriptum is, exterminans oleum suauitatis lacerare contenderet. but what miremur 32 eeclesiarum praesules ista neglegere, quos, sicut a multis audiuimus, against canones all things gerere and against apostolicam disciplinam passim cuncta miscere manifestum is: not seruatis regulis ordinare liciteque not solum monachos but also ministros eeclesiae when feminis to peregrina migrantes remeare rursus and ab aliis to the bishops in militiam prouehi clericalem? which eum singula toleranda not sint, who sustineat tot and talia facinora perpetrari, quibus spectaculum Eccl 10, 1 7 prouinciam the churches p* — 8 paruum V, corr. o 12 audire in communion priuaret V, eorr. Thiel 14 acceptus V, corr. Thiel 17 allernis V, eorr. o illicit and. Thiel: illicitet V — 19 conspecta V corr. o 20 hieronimum V ' Gelasius I. to episcopos Dardaniae gentilibus and Iudaeis and haereticis not inmerito praebentes in ipsum, that absit, tendere uideantur religionis excidium digneque ista facientibus aptabitur that the sentence dicentis apostoli: name for of God through you blasphematur in 33gentibus? sufficiat therefore hactenus this to have been commissa and, so that placetur God, humanis rebus sollicitius divine curentur. nusquam locum prorsus inueniat praefatae pestis adsertor nor aecessum prorsus of the church or usquam participationem catholicae communionis inueniat, who haereticorum mauult subsequi nefaria professione consortium; and hi, when quibus antea probabitur noxium miscuisse conlegium, unless resipiscunt and ab his societate discedunt, ab ecclesiastico remoti seruitio debita ultione plectantur, quo ceteris cauendi ministretur exemplum. 94 nullum adeat nor umquam loqui damnatas olim blasphemias lam sinatur. discreta suis habitationibus uirorum atque femi16 narum, sicut, holy propositum decet, exerceatur circumspecta deuotio. against canonum constituta no to ecclesiasticum permittatur duty, not ignoraturis prouinciae uniuscuiusque rectoribus nor concerning praeteritis himself ueniam reperturos. 3oerroribus, if deinceps dissimulauerint uitare patefactos. nor s» excusationis concerning cetero relinquetur occasio, if after praecepta praesentia, which through Romulum diaconum, whose sollertiam for in faith catholic and for religione uigilantiam gratissime comprobamus, duximus destinanda, quisquam above his to all or contemptor or neglegens deprehendatur antistes. sicut for ss to of the see apostolic moderamina pertinet cunctis sollicitudinem debitam ministrare congruenter ecclesiis, thus necesse is, so that in contumaces and desides traditam to himself diuinitus not dissimulet potestatem. gives. Kal. Nou. Albino u. c. cons. - to Rom. 2, Epis. XCIV 88 — XCV 2. 369

Modern English rendering for readability. See the 19th-century translation or original Latin/Greek for scholarly use.