Letter 416: Theodore Studite, Letter 416; Greek heading: Νικολάῳ τέκνῳ.

Since you are eager to learn, brother Nicholas, from what four grounds the truth concerning the venerable icon [eikon, the painted image] of Christ is established, you must know that it is from a doctrine of nature, from ancient history, from the utterances of the saints, and from a synodical proclamation. How from a doctrine of nature? Because it is the nature of a body to be subject to touch and color, and that which is subject to touch and color is circumscribable, that is, capable of being depicted; and such is the body of Christ, just as ours also is, tangible and possessed of color. And indeed it is written: "And as many as touched him were saved." And in another place: "The appearance of his countenance was altered." Therefore he is depicted according to the character [charakter, the distinctive form] of the body, having suffered nothing in respect to the uncircumscribable nature of his divinity; for neither am I, who am circumscribed in body, by necessity circumscribed also in respect to my unseen soul; nor, because my body is circumscribable while my soul is uncircumscribable, am I, being one, cut into two. So much the more, then, does Christ undergo no cutting or division through being depicted in a bodily character. How from ancient history? Because the whole world under heaven, from the very Ascension of Christ, shows forth his venerable icon inscribed in the sacred churches; and what could be more manifest as a demonstration of the truth than this, if indeed a deed is more secure than a word, and the eye is a more trustworthy witness than hearing? How from the utterances of the saints? Because in one place Peter, the chief of the apostles, says: "Bring out the icon of our Lord Jesus Christ and imprint it upon the little tower, so that the peoples may see what form the Son of God took up"; and in another place Basil the Great declares: "Let there also be inscribed upon the panel Christ, the giver of prizes in the contests." And manifestly all the saints are of one mind with these. How from a synodical proclamation? Because the synod gathered after the sixth ecumenical council [the Quinisext or Council in Trullo, 692] says this: "We therefore decree that from now on, in place of the old lamb, there be set up the icon of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ." But if the iconoclasts [eikonomachoi, image-fighters] should also say that they establish their own doctrine by these same four grounds, let them show, for instance in the case of the first heading, how this is so. Do they say that the body was such as the truth has shown, or not? If they say it was such, then even against their will they will agree that Christ is depicted; but if they say it was not such, then it remains for them in any case to call it intangible and without color; for there is no middle ground between these, just as there is none between the material and the immaterial, the visible and the invisible. And to say that Christ took up such a body is the talk of the Manichaeans, who babble that the saving dispensation [oikonomia] of Christ came about in seeming and in fantasy. In the case of the second heading, even if they themselves keep silent about the truth, the very stones will cry out that the whole world under the sun is illumined round about by the icon of Christ. In the case of the third heading, those who set themselves in opposition to Peter the chief and to Basil the Great are altogether strangers to the court of Christ. In the case of the fourth heading, the synod held among them at Blachernae [the iconoclast Council of Hieria/Blachernae, 754] against the icon of Christ is much later than the one gathered after the sixth council on behalf of the icon of Christ; and the latter is accepted by the five patriarchs, while the former is anathematized by the four as fighting against Christ. Then too the council held at Nicaea for the second time [Second Council of Nicaea, 787], being of one mind with the synod after the sixth, is well received by the five, whereas the one now gathered for the confirmation of that of Blachernae against the icon of Christ is to be spat upon, just as that one was. This, then, is a concise rendering of the truth and a refutation of those who oppose it.

Ἐπειδὴ φιλοπευστεῖς μαθεῖν, ἀδελφὲ Νικόλαε, ἀπὸ ποίων τεττάρων ὑποθέσεων ἡ περὶ τὴν σεπτὴν εἰκόνα Χριστοῦ ἀλήθεια κρατύνεται, ἰστέον ἀπὸ φυσικοῦ δόγματος, ἀπὸ ἀρχαίας ἱστορίας, ἀπὸ φωνῶν ἁγίων, ἀπὸ συνοδικῆς ἐκφωνήσεως. Πῶς ἀπὸ φυσικοῦ δόγματος; ὅτι αὕτη φύσις σώματος, ἁφῇ καὶ χροιᾷ ὑποπίπτειν, τὸ δ' ἁφῇ καὶ χροιᾷ ὑποπῖπτον περιγραπτόν, ἤγουν ἐξεικονιζόμενον· τοιοῦτον δὲ τὸ σῶμα τοῦ Χριστοῦ, καθάπερ καὶ τὸ ἡμέτερον, ἁπτὸν καὶ ὑπόχροιον. καὶ γοῦν γέγραπται· καὶ ὅσοι ἂν ἥπτοντο αὐτοῦ, ἐσῴζοντο. καὶ ἑτέρωθι· ἐγένετο τὸ εἶδος τοῦ προσώπου αὐτοῦ ἕτερον. οὐκοῦν ἐγγράφεται κατὰ τὸν τοῦ σώματος χαρακτῆρα, μηδὲν πεπονθὼς εἰς τὸ ἀπερίγραπτον αὐτοῦ τῆς θεότητος, ὅτι μηδὲ ἐγὼ σώματι περιγραφόμενος ἐξ ἀνάγκης καὶ κατὰ τὴν ἀθέατον ψυχὴν συμπεριγέγραμμαι· οὐδὲ ἐπειδὴ τὸ μὲν σῶμά μου περιγραπτόν, ἡ δὲ ψυχὴ ἀπερίγραπτος, ὁ εἷς εἰς δύο τέτμημαι. οὕτω πολλῷ μᾶλλον οὐδὲ Χριστὸς τομὴν ἢ διαίρεσιν ὑφίσταται διὰ τὸ ἐξεικονίζεσθαι αὐτὸν σωματικῷ χαρακτῆρι. Πῶς ἀπὸ ἀρχαίας ἱστορίας; ὅτι ἡ ὑπ' οὐρανὸν ἀπ' αὐτῆς τῆς ἀναλήψεως Χριστοῦ τὴν σεπτὴν αὐτοῦ εἰκόνα ἐν τοῖς ἱεροῖς ναοῖς ἐγγεγραμμένην ὑποδείκνυσιν· οὗ τί ἂν γένοιτο εἰς ἀπόδειξιν ἀληθείας ἐναργέστερον, εἴπερ ἔργον λόγου βεβαιότερον καὶ ὀφθαλμὸς μάρτυς ἀκοῆς ἀξιοπιστότερος; Πῶς ἀπὸ φωνῶν ἁγίων; ὅτι που μὲν ὁ κορυφαῖος τῶν ἀποστόλων Πέτρος λέγει· ἐξένεγκον τὴν εἰκόνα τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χρι-στοῦ καὶ ἐντύπωσον αὐτὴν ἐν τῷ πυργίσκῳ, ἵνα ἴδωσιν οἱ λαοὶ οἵαν μορφὴν ἀνέλαβεν ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ· ποὺ δὲ ὁ Μέγας Βασίλειος φάσκει· ἐγγραφέσθω τῷ πίνακι καὶ ὁ τῶν παλαισμάτων ἀγωνοθέτης Χριστός. οἷς συνομοφρονοῦσι δῆλα δὴ πάντες οἱ ἅγιοι. Πῶς ἀπὸ συνοδικῆς ἐκφωνήσεως; ὅτι ἡ μετὰ τὴν ἕκτην οἰκουμενικὴν σύνοδον συναθροισθεῖσα τάδε φησίν· ὁρίζομεν τοίνυν ἀπὸ τοῦ νῦν ἀντὶ τοῦ παλαιοῦ ἀμνοῦ ἀναστηλοῦσθαι τὴν εἰκόνα τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν καὶ σωτῆρος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ. Εἰ δὲ λέγοιεν καὶ οἱ εἰκονομάχοι ταῖς αὐταῖς τέσσαρσιν ὑποθέσεσιν τὸ ἑαυτῶν κρατύνειν δόγμα, δειξάτωσαν οἷον ἐπὶ τοῦ πρώτου κεφαλαίου ὅπως τοῦτο. πότερον, σῶμα τοιοῦτον λέγουσιν οἷον ὑπέδειξεν ἡ ἀλήθεια ἢ οὔ; εἰ μὲν τοιοῦτον, καὶ μὴ βουλόμενοι συνομολογήσουσιν ἐξεικονίζεσθαι Χριστόν· εἰ δὲ οὐ τοιοῦτον, λειπόμενόν ἐστι πάντως λέγειν αὐτοὺς ἀναφές τε καὶ ἄχροιον· τούτων γὰρ μέσον οὐδέν, ὡς οὐδὲ ἐνύλου καὶ ἀύλου, ὁρωμένου τε καὶ ἀοράτου. τὸ δὲ τοιοῦτον ἀνειληφέναι τὸν Χριστὸν σῶμα λέγειν Μανιχαίων, δοκήσει καὶ φαντασίᾳ τὴν σωτήριον Χριστοῦ οἰκονομίαν φληναφούντων γεγενῆσθαι. ἐπὶ τοῦ δευτέρου, κἂν αὐτοὶ σιωπῶσιν τὴν ἀλήθειαν, οἱ λίθοι κεκράξονται τὴν ὑφ' ἡλίῳ τῇ εἰκόνι Χριστοῦ περιαστράπτε σθαι. ἐπὶ τοῦ τρίτου, οἱ τῷ κορυφαίῳ Πέτρῳ καὶ τῷ Μεγάλῳ Βασιλείῳ ἀντιδιατιθέμενοι τῆς αὐλῆς Χριστοῦ παντάπασιν ἀλλότριοι. ἐπὶ τοῦ τετάρτου, ἡ ἐν Βλαχέρναις παρ' αὐτοῖς λεγομένη σύνοδος κατὰ τῆς εἰκόνος Χριστοῦ πολὺ μεταγενεστέρα τῆς μετὰ τὴν ἕκτην συναθροισθείσης ὑπὲρ τῆς εἰκόνος Χριστοῦ· καὶ ἡ μὲν ἀποδεδεγμένη παρὰ τοῖς πέντε πατριάρχαις, ἡ δὲ ἀναθεματιζομένη παρὰ τοῖς τέσσαρσιν ὡς χριστομάχος. ἔπειτα καὶ ἡ ἐν Νικαίᾳ τὸ δεύτερον ὡς ὁμόφρων τῇ μετὰ τὴν ἕκτην συνόδῳ εὐπρόσιτος παρὰ τοῖς πέντε, ἡ δὲ νῦν ἀθροισθεῖσα ἐπὶ βεβαιώσει τῆς ἐν Βλαχέρναις κατὰ τῆς εἰκόνος Χριστοῦ ἀπόπτυστος ὡς κἀκείνη. Αὕτη τοιγαροῦν σύντομος ἀπόδοσις τῆς ἀληθείας καὶ ἔλεγχος τῶν ἐναντίων.