Letter 11

UnknownEmperor Valentinian|c. 388 AD|ambrose milan
barbarian invasiondiplomaticgrief deathimperial politicsproperty economicstravel mobility
From: Ambrose, Bishop of Milan
To: Emperor Valentinian II
Date: ~387 AD
Context: An account of Ambrose's bold embassy to the usurper Maximus in Gaul — he refused to kiss the tyrant, defied him in his own consistory, and demanded the return of the murdered Gratian's body.

Ambrose, Bishop, to the Emperor Valentinian.

Although the success of my first embassy was sufficiently proven to you — I was detained in Gaul for days precisely because I refused to cooperate with Maximus [the general who had seized Gaul and murdered Emperor Gratian in 383] — I owe you an account of my second, lest anyone else's version reach you before the truth.

When I arrived at Trier, I went to the palace the next day. A Gallic official, the head chamberlain — a eunuch — came out to meet me. He demanded to know whether I had a written commission from your Clemency. I said I did. He informed me that I could not be received except in the consistory. I replied that this was not the custom for bishops, and that there were matters I needed to discuss privately with the emperor. He consulted Maximus and brought back the same answer — making it clear that even the first response had come from the usurper's direction. I said the procedure was foreign to my office, but that I would not shirk the duty you had entrusted to me. I accepted the humiliation gladly, especially in a matter touching your interests.

When Maximus took his seat in the consistory, I entered. He rose to give me the customary kiss. I remained standing among the attendants and did not approach him. He asked why I would not accept the greeting. I answered that I did not recognize his authority to bestow it. He said I must be shaken from my earlier embassy. I said I was not shaken — I had simply never been in a position to be afraid. He grew angry.

He accused me of having deceived him during my first embassy — of having prevented Valentinian from crossing into Gaul as he had expected. I replied that I had never deceived anyone: the fact that I had not cooperated with his plans was exactly the point. I had been sent by a legitimate emperor, and I had acted in that emperor's interest.

Then he tried a different tactic. He claimed that Bauto, the Frankish general, had invited barbarians into the empire. I turned the charge back on him: "You yourself crossed the Alps with barbarian troops. You owe your throne to barbarian arms. You are in no position to complain about others doing what you did first."

He grew angrier still. I pressed my real demand: the return of Gratian's body for proper burial. He equivocated. I insisted. I reminded him that clemency toward the dead costs nothing and earns everything. He dismissed me.

Before I left, he demanded that I receive into communion a certain bishop who had gone over to his side. I refused. He expelled me from the city.

I left — not in safety, exactly, but with my conscience clear. I was more worried about Hyginus, a loyal official whom Maximus had sent into exile, than I was about my own danger. He was a good man, and he did not deserve what the tyrant's anger brought upon him.

I report all this so that you may know exactly what happened, from the man who did it — before rumor has its way with the facts.

Modern English rendering for readability. See the 19th-century translation or original Latin/Greek for scholarly use.

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