Letter 12

UnknownEmperor Theodosius I|c. 389 AD|ambrose milan
illnessimperial politicsmonasticismproperty economicsslavery captivity
From: Ambrose, Bishop of Milan
To: Emperor Theodosius
Date: ~388 AD
Context: One of the most consequential letters in church history — Ambrose demands that Theodosius rescind his order to rebuild a synagogue burned by Christians, arguing that a Christian emperor must not compel the church to fund a place of worship for those who reject Christ.

Ambrose, Bishop, to the most merciful prince and most blessed Emperor Theodosius.

I am always burdened with cares, most blessed Emperor, but I have never been in such distress as now — because I see that I must guard against anything that could be charged to me as sacrilege. I beg you: hear me patiently. If I am unworthy to be heard by you, I am unworthy to offer sacrifice on your behalf — I, to whom you have entrusted your vows and prayers. Will you not hear the man you wish God to hear on your behalf?

It is not an emperor's right to deny freedom of speech, and it is not a priest's right to conceal what he thinks. Nothing makes an emperor more popular than a love of liberty — even in those subject to military obedience. The difference between good rulers and bad is this: good rulers love freedom, bad rulers love servitude. And nothing is more dangerous for a priest before God, more shameful before men, than to fail to speak his mind freely. "I spoke your testimonies before kings," the Psalmist says, "and was not ashamed" [Psalm 119:46].

Here is the matter. A report has reached your court that a synagogue of the Jews was burned at Callinicum [a town on the Euphrates, in modern Syria], at the instigation of the local bishop. You have ordered the bishop to rebuild the synagogue at his own expense, and the monks who participated to be punished.

I must speak plainly: this order puts the bishop in an impossible position. If he obeys, he becomes a traitor to his faith — building, with Christian hands, a house of worship for those who deny Christ. If he refuses, he becomes a martyr — condemned by a Christian emperor for refusing to fund the enemies of Christianity. Either way, the church loses. Is that your intention?

I am not saying that the synagogue should have been burned. I am saying that the remedy you have chosen is worse than the offense. Punish the rioters, if you must — but do not compel a bishop to rebuild with his own money a place where Christ is blasphemed. That is not justice. That is a victory for the synagogue over the church.

Consider the example of Julian [the Apostate, emperor 361-363]. He restored Jewish privileges and ordered the rebuilding of the temple in Jerusalem — and what happened? Fire burst from the foundations and destroyed the workmen. Even the elements refused to cooperate with the project. Should a Christian emperor succeed where an apostate failed?

Consider further: the Jews themselves have burned our churches — in Damascus, in Gaza, in Ascalon — and no emperor ordered them to rebuild. Why should the standard be applied only in one direction?

I know what people will say: that I am defending lawlessness, that I am encouraging mob violence. I am not. I am defending the principle that a Christian emperor's first obligation is to the faith, and that his laws must never be used to humiliate the church or to advance the cause of those who reject Christ.

I warned you once before, Emperor, with the example of Maximus [the usurper who fell because he persecuted Catholics]. Do not take the side of Jews or heretics against the church. The consequences are real, and they are not merely political.

I would rather you heard this from me as a friend than learned it from events as a lesson.

Farewell in the Lord.

Modern English rendering for readability. See the 19th-century translation or original Latin/Greek for scholarly use.

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