Letter 13

UnknownEmperor Theodosius I|c. 390 AD|ambrose milan
grief deathimperial politics
From: Ambrose, Bishop of Milan
To: Emperor Theodosius
Date: ~390 AD
Context: Perhaps the most consequential letter of Ambrose's career — he confronts Theodosius over the massacre at Thessalonica, where the emperor ordered the slaughter of thousands of civilians in retaliation for a riot, and demands public penance before the emperor can receive communion.

Ambrose, Bishop, to the most august Emperor Theodosius.

The memory of our long friendship is sweet to me, and I gratefully recall the many kindnesses you have shown to those on whose behalf I interceded. You may be confident, then, that it is no ungrateful spirit that has made me avoid your arrival — an arrival that was always, until now, most welcome to me. Let me explain briefly why.

It seemed to me that I alone in your entourage had been stripped of the natural right to hear, and therefore the right to speak. You have been upset more than once that matters discussed in your consistory reached my ears. But I am excluded from the common knowledge that belongs to everyone — since the Lord Jesus says, "Nothing is hidden that will not be made manifest" [Luke 8:17]. I therefore acted with all the deference I could, both to spare you any cause for displeasure and to protect myself: so that if I were present, I would either fail to hear out of fear, or hear and be forced into silence, or hear and speak — and endanger those suspected of having informed me.

What, then, should I have done? Not hear? I cannot plug my ears with the wax of ancient fables. Reveal my sources? I would risk causing bloodshed. Stay silent? That would be the worst of all — my conscience would be bound, my voice stifled.

I must speak to you now about what happened at Thessalonica [in 390 AD, after a popular riot in Thessalonica killed the local military commander, Theodosius ordered a massacre in the hippodrome; estimates of the dead range from 7,000 to 15,000 men, women, and children].

There is no precedent for this — not even among the cruelties of the pagans. I grieve over it not because it happened under your rule, but because you are the sort of man who should never have allowed it. When I heard the first reports, I groaned. Many bishops were present at the time, and they groaned with me. Your guilt is not diminished by the fact that others prompted you to it. It is increased, because an emperor's anger carries consequences that a private citizen's does not.

You are a man of faith. You are generous, devout, and pious in your private life. But this act demands a response, and I cannot pretend otherwise. David was a king after God's own heart, yet when the prophet Nathan told him the story of the rich man who stole the poor man's lamb, David condemned the thief — and Nathan said, "You are the man" [2 Samuel 12:7]. David did not rage. He did not claim imperial privilege. He said, "I have sinned against the Lord." And he did penance.

I ask you to follow David's example. Not because I wish to humiliate you — God knows that is the last thing I want. But because the sacrifice God requires is a broken spirit, and a broken and contrite heart he will not despise [Psalm 51:17].

I cannot offer the sacrifice of the Mass if you are present without having done penance. What is not permitted after the shedding of one innocent person's blood — is it permitted after the shedding of thousands? I do not think so. I dare not. I have been warned, not by human counsel but by a vision in the night: do not offer the sacrifice on this man's behalf until he has repented.

I write this in private, so that you may read it alone before others know. I write it in affection, not in anger. I love you — truly, deeply, as a father loves a son. It is precisely because I love you that I cannot stay silent. The devil who envied your virtue used this moment to bring you low. He must be defeated — and he is defeated not by power but by repentance.

Do penance. It is the only sacrifice I ask, and it is the only one that will make all other sacrifices possible again.

Modern English rendering for readability. See the 19th-century translation or original Latin/Greek for scholarly use.

Related Letters