Letter 9

UnknownEmperor Valentinian|c. 385 AD|ambrose milan
arianismdiplomaticeducation booksimperial politics
From: Ambrose, Bishop of Milan
To: Emperor Valentinian II
Date: ~386 AD
Context: A landmark letter on the separation of church and state jurisdiction — Ambrose refuses to appear before a secular tribunal to debate the Arian bishop Auxentius, insisting that matters of faith must be judged by bishops, not emperors.

Ambrose, Bishop, to the most merciful Emperor and most blessed Augustus Valentinian.

Dalmatius, the tribune and notary, came to me on what he described as your Clemency's orders, demanding that I choose judges for a debate, since Auxentius [the Arian bishop whom the court favored] had already chosen his. He did not specify who had been nominated, but added that the contest would take place in the imperial consistory, with your Majesty as arbiter.

My reply, I trust, is appropriate — and let no one call me defiant for stating what your own father of august memory not only said in words but established in law: in matters of faith or ecclesiastical order, the judge must be neither inferior in office nor different in kind. Those are the exact words of the imperial rescript. Priests must judge priests.

Who, then, is being defiant? The man who wants you to follow your father's example — or the man who wants you to depart from it? Unless, perhaps, the judgment of so great an emperor as your father seems of little account to some people — an emperor whose faith was proven by the constancy of his confession, and whose wisdom was demonstrated by the improvement of the commonwealth.

When have you ever heard, most merciful Emperor, that laymen have judged a bishop in a matter of faith? Are we so bent by flattery that we forget the rights of our order, and suppose that what God has given to me I should hand over to others? If a bishop is to be taught by a layman, what follows? The layman will expound, the bishop will listen. The pupil will teach, the teacher will learn. But in Scripture and in the tradition of the fathers, the reverse is always the case.

The emperor is within the church, not above it. A good emperor seeks the help of the church; he does not fight against it. I say this with respect, not with pride: the things that are God's must be rendered to God, and the things that are Caesar's to Caesar [Matthew 22:21]. The palace belongs to the emperor. The church belongs to the priest.

I will not come to the consistory. I will not hand the cause of the faith to secular judges. Auxentius may choose his own panel — Jews, pagans, enemies of Christ — and call it a tribunal. I choose the tribunal of the church: a council of bishops, where the faith can be examined by those qualified to examine it.

If Auxentius wishes to debate, let him come to the church. Let the people hear. Let the bishops judge. I do not refuse the contest — I refuse the venue.

I would have said all this to your face, but my fellow bishops and the people held me back, insisting that such matters should be committed to writing rather than entrusted to the uncertainties of a public confrontation.

The faith is not a matter for negotiation. It is not a case to be argued in a courtroom. It is the truth of God, and it will be defended in God's house or not at all.

Modern English rendering for readability. See the 19th-century translation or original Latin/Greek for scholarly use.

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