Letter 189: Humanity is the regular business of all you who practise as physicians. And, in my opinion, to put your science at the head and front of life's pursuits is to decide reasonably and rightly. This at all events seems to be the case if man's most precious possession, life, is painful and not worth living, unless it be lived in health, and if for he...

Dear Eustathius, Compassion is the regular business of all who practice medicine. And in my judgment, to put your profession at the head of life's pursuits is both reasonable and right. This much at least seems clear: that our most precious possession -- life itself -- is painful and not worth living unless we have health, and for health we depend on your skill. But in your case medicine works, as it were, with two right hands. You extend the accepted limits of human kindness by applying your skill not only to the body but to the diseases of the soul as well. I write this not simply because of what others report, but from my own personal experience -- tested many times, and especially now, in the midst of the unspeakable malice of my enemies, which has flooded my life like a poisonous stream. You dispersed it with great skill. By pouring in your soothing words you calmed the inflammation of my heart. Faced with the relentless and varied attacks of my enemies, I had decided to keep silent -- to endure their assaults without reply, without trying to counter opponents armed with falsehood, that terrible weapon which too often pierces the heart of truth itself. But you were right to urge me not to abandon truth's defense, and instead to expose our accusers -- lest, if lies go unchallenged, many be harmed. My opponents, in adopting their sudden posture of hatred toward me, seem to be reenacting Aesop's old fable. The wolf brings charges against the lamb, ashamed to appear to kill a creature who has done him no harm without some plausible pretext. When the lamb easily refutes the slander, the wolf attacks all the same -- defeated in justice, but victorious in force. [The letter continues with Basil's extended defense against the theological accusations leveled at him, and his gratitude for Eustathius's philosophical counsel.]

ST. BASIL OF CAESAREA To Eustathius the physician. Humanity is the regular business of all you who practise as physicians. And, in my opinion, to put your science at the head and front of life's pursuits is to decide reasonably and rightly. This at all events seems to be the case if man's most precious possession, life, is painful and not worth living, unless it be lived in health, and if for health we are dependent on your skill. In your own case medicine is seen, as it were, with two right hands; you enlarge the accepted limits of philanthropy by not confining the application of your skill to men's bodies, but by attending also to the cure of the diseases of their souls. It is not only in accordance with popular report that I thus write. I am moved by the personal experience which I have had on many occasions and to a remarkable degree at the present time, in the midst of the unspeakable wickedness of our enemies, which has flooded our life like a noxious torrent. You have most skilfully dispersed it and by pouring in your soothing words have allayed the inflammation of my heart. Having regard to the successive and diversified attacks of my enemies against me, I thought that I ought to keep silence and to bear their successive assaults without reply, and without attempting to contradict foes armed with a lie, that terrible weapon which too often drives its point through the heart of truth herself. You did well in urging me not to abandon the defense of truth, but rather to convict our calumniators, lest haply, by the success of lies, many be hurt. 2. In adopting an unexpected attitude of hatred against me my opponents seem to be repeating the old story in Æsop. He makes the wolf bring certain charges against the lamb, as being really ashamed to seem to kill a creature who had done him no harm without some reasonable pretext; then when the lamb easily rebuts the slander, the wolf, none the less, continues his attack, and, though defeated in equity, comes off winner in biting. Just so with those who seem to count hatred to me as a virtue. They will perhaps blush to hate me without a cause, and so invent pleas and charges against me, without abiding by any of their allegations, but urging as the ground of their detestation now this, now that, and now something else. In no single case is their malice consistent; but when they are baulked in one charge they cling to another and, foiled in this, have recourse to a third; and if all their accusations are scattered they do not drop their ill-will. They say that I preach three Gods, dinning the charge into the ears of the mob and pressing the calumny plausibly and persistently. Nevertheless, truth is fighting on my side; and both in public to all the world, and in private to all whom I meet, I prove that I anathematize every one who maintains three Gods and do not even allow him to be a Christian. No sooner do they hear this than Sabellius is handy for them to urge against me, and it is reported abroad that my teaching is tainted with his error. Once more I hold out in my defense my wonted weapon of truth, and demonstrate that I shudder at Sabellianism as much as at Judaism. 3. What then? After all these efforts were they tired? Did they leave off? Not at all. They are charging me with innovation, and base their charge on my confession of three hypostases, and blame me for asserting one Goodness, one Power, one Godhead. In this they are not wide of the truth, for I do so assert. Their complaint is that their custom does not accept this, and that Scripture does not agree. What is my reply? I do not consider it fair that the custom which obtains among them should be regarded as a law and rule of orthodoxy. If custom is to be taken in proof of what is right, then it is certainly competent for me to put forward on my side the custom which obtains here. If they reject this, we are clearly not bound to follow them. Therefore let God-inspired Scripture decide between us; and on whichever side be found doctrines in harmony with the word of God, in favour of that side will be cast the vote of truth. What then is the charge? Two points are advanced at one and the same time in the accusations levelled against me. I am accused on the one hand of parting the hypostases asunder; on the other of never using in the plural any one of the nouns relating to the Divinity, but of always speaking in the singular number of one Goodness, as I have already said; of one Power; one Godhead; and so on. As to the parting of the hypostases, there ought to be no objection nor opposition on the part of those who assert in the case of the divine nature a distinction of essences. For it is unreasonable to maintain three essences and to object to three hypostases. Nothing, then, is left but the charge of using words of the divine nature in the singulars. 4. I have quite a little difficulty in meeting the second charge. Whoever condemns those who assert that the Godhead is one, must of necessity agree with all who maintain many godheads, or with those who maintain that there is none. No third position is conceivable. The teaching of inspired Scripture does not allow of our speaking of many godheads, but, wherever it mentions the Godhead, speaks of it in the singular number; as, for instance, in him dwells all the fullness of the Godhead bodily. Colossians 2:9 And again; for the invisible things of him from the creation of the world are clearly seen, being understood by the things that are made, even his eternal power and Godhead. Romans 1:20 If, then, to multiply godheads is the special mark of the victims of polytheistic error, and to deny the Godhead altogether is to fall into atheism, what sense is there in this charge against me of confessing one Godhead? But they make a plainer disclosure of the end they have in view; namely, in the case of the Father to agree that He is God, and consenting in like manner that the Son be honoured with the attribute of Godhead; but to refuse to comprehend the Spirit, though reckoned with Father and with Son in the idea of Godhead. They allow that the power of the Godhead extends from the Father to the Son, but they divide the nature of the Spirit from the divine glory. Against this view, to the best of my ability, I must enter a brief defense of my own position. 5. What, then, is my argument? In delivering the Faith of Salvation to those who are being made disciples in His doctrine, the Lord conjoins with Father and with Son the Holy Spirit also. That which is conjoined once I maintain to be conjoined everywhere and always. There is no question here of a ranking together in one respect and isolation in others. In the quickening power whereby our nature is transformed from the life of corruption to immortality, the power of the Spirit is comprehended with Father and with Son, and in many other instances, as in the conception of the good, the holy, the eternal, the wise, the right, the supreme, the efficient, and generally in all terms which have the higher meaning, He is inseparably united. Wherefrom I judge it right to hold that the Spirit, thus conjoined with Father and Son in so many sublime and divine senses, is never separated. Indeed I am unaware of any degrees of better or worse in the terms concerning the divine nature, nor can I imagine its being reverent and right to allow the Spirit a participation in those of lesser dignity, while He is judged unworthy of the higher. For all conceptions and terms which regard the divine are of equal dignity one with another, in that they do not vary in regard to the meaning of the subject matter to which they are applied. Our thought is not led to one subject by the attribution of good, and to another by that of wise, powerful, and just; mention any attributes you will, the thing signified is one and the same. And if you name God, you mean the same Being whom you understood by the rest of the terms. Granting, then, that all the terms applied to the divine nature are of equal force one with another in relation to that which they describe, one emphasizing one point and another another, but all bringing our intelligence to the contemplation of the same object; what ground is there for conceding to the Spirit fellowship with Father and Son in all other terms, and isolating Him from the Godhead alone? There is no escape from the position that we must either allow the fellowship here, or refuse it everywhere. If He is worthy in every other respect, He is certainly not unworthy in this. If, as our opponents argue, He is too insignificant to be allowed fellowship with Father and with Son in Godhead, He is not worthy to share any single one of the divine attributes: for when the terms are carefully considered, and compared with one another, by the help of the special meaning contemplated in each, they will be found to involve nothing less than the title of God. A proof of what I say lies in the fact that even many inferior objects are designated by this name. Nay, Holy Scripture does not even shrink from using this term in the case of things of a totally opposite character, as when it applies the title god to idols. Let the gods, it is written, who have not made heaven and earth, be taken away, and cast beneath the earth; and again, the gods of the nations are idols. And the witch, when she called up the required spirits for Saul, is said to have seen gods. 1 Samuel 28:13 Balaam too, an augur and seer, with the oracles in his hand, as Scripture says, when he had got him the teaching of the demons by his divine ingenuity, is described by Scripture as taking counsel with God. From many similar instances in Holy Scripture it may be proved that the name of God has no pre-eminence over other words which are applied to the divine, since, as has been said, we find it employed without distinction even in the case of things of quite opposite character. On the other hand we are taught by Scripture that the names holy, incorruptible, righteous, and good, are nowhere indiscriminately used of unworthy objects. It follows, then, that if they do not deny that the Holy Spirit is associated with the Son and with the Father, in the names which are specially applied, by the usage of true religion, to the divine nature alone, there is no reasonable ground for refusing to allow the same association in the case of that word alone which, as I have shown, is used as a recognised homonym even of demons and idols. 6. But they contend that this title sets forth the nature of that to which it is applied; that the nature of the Spirit is not a nature shared in common with that of Father and of Son; and that, for this reason, the Spirit ought not to be allowed the common use of the name. It is, therefore, for them to show by what means they have perceived this variation in the nature. If it were indeed possible for the divine nature to be contemplated in itself; could what is proper to it and what is foreign to it be discovered by means of visible things; we should then certainly stand in no need of words or other tokens to lead us to the apprehension of the object of the enquiry. But the divine nature is too exalted to be perceived as objects of enquiry are perceived, and about things which are beyond our knowledge we reason on probable evidence. We are therefore of necessity guided in the investigation of the divine nature by its operations. Suppose we observe the operations of the Father, of the Son, of the Holy Ghost, to be different from one another, we shall then conjecture, from the diversity of the operations that the operating natures are also different. For it is impossible that things which are distinct, as regards their nature, should be associated as regards the form of their operations; fire does not freeze; ice does not warm; difference of natures implies difference of the operations proceeding from them. Grant, then, that we perceive the operation of Father, Son and Holy Ghost to be one and the same, in no respect showing difference or variation; from this identity of operation we necessarily infer the unity of the nature. 7. The Father, the Son and the Holy Ghost alike hallow, quicken, enlighten, and comfort. No one will attribute a special and peculiar operation of hallowing to the operation of the Spirit, after hearing the Saviour in the Gospel saying to the Father about His disciples, sanctify them in Your name. In like manner all other operations are equally performed, in all who are worthy of them, by the Father and by the Son and by the Holy Ghost; every grace and virtue, guidance, life, consolation, change into the immortal, the passage into freedom and all other good things which come down to man. Nay even the dispensation which is above us in relation to the creature considered both in regard to intelligence and sense, if indeed it is possible for any conjecture concerning what lies above us to be formed from what we know, is not constituted apart from the operation and power of the Holy Ghost, every individual sharing His help in proportion to the dignity and need of each. Truly the ordering and administration of beings above our nature is obscure to our perception; nevertheless any one, arguing from what is known to us, would find it more reasonable to conclude that the power of the Spirit operates even in those beings, than that He is excluded from the government of supramundane things. So to assert is to advance a blasphemy bare and unsupported; it is to support absurdity on fallacy. On the other hand to agree that even the world beyond us is governed by the power of the Spirit, as well as by that of the Father and of the Son, is to advance a contention, supported on the plain testimony of what is seen in human life. Identity of operation in the case of Father and of Son and of Holy Ghost clearly proves invariability of nature. It follows that, even if the name of Godhead does signify nature, the community of essence proves that this title is very properly applied to the Holy Spirit. 8. I am, however, at a loss to understand how our opponents with all their ingenuity can adduce the title of Godhead in proof of nature, as though they had never heard from Scripture that nature does not result from institution and appointment. Moses was made a god of the Egyptians when the divine voice said, See I have made you a god to Pharaoh. Exodus 7:1 The title therefore does give proof of a certain authority of oversight or of action. The divine nature, on the other hand, in all the words which are contrived, remains always inexplicable, as I always teach. We have learned that it is beneficent, judicial, righteous, good, and so on; and so have been taught differences of operations. But we are, nevertheless, unable to understand the nature of the operator through our idea of the operations. Let any one give an account of each one of these names, and of the actual nature to which they are applied, and it will be found that the definition will not in both cases be the same. And where the definition is not identical the nature is different. There is, then, a distinction to be observed between the essence, of which no explanatory term has yet been discovered, and the meaning of the names applied to it in reference to some operation or dignity. That there should be no difference in the operations we infer from the community of terms. But, we derive no clear proof of variation in nature, because, as has been said, identity of operations indicates community of nature. If then Godhead be the name of an operation, we say that the Godhead is one, as there is one operation of Father, Son, and Holy Ghost; if, however, as is popularly supposed, the name of Godhead indicates nature, then, since we find no variation in the nature, we reasonably define the Holy Trinity to be of one Godhead.

[Πρός: Εὐσταθίῳ ἀρχιάτρῳ.] Ἕστι μὲν καὶ πᾶσιν ὑμῖν τοῖς τὴν ἰατρικὴν μετιοῦσι φιλανθρωπία τὸ ἐπιτήδευμα. καί μοι δοκεῖ τῶν κατὰ τὸν βίον σπουδαζομένων ἁπάντων ὁ τὴν ὑμετέραν προτιθεὶς ἐπιστήμην ἐπιτυχεῖν ἂν τῆς πρεπούσης κρίσεως, καὶ μὴ διαμαρτεῖν τοῦ προσήκοντος· εἴπερ τὸ πάντων προτιμότατον, ἡ ζωή, φευκτόν ἐστι καὶ ἐπώδυνον, ἐὰν μὴ μεθʼ ὑγείας ἐξῇ ταύτην ἔχειν· ὑγείας δὲ χορηγὸς ἡ ὑμετέρα τέχνη. ἀλλά σοι διαφερόντως περιδέξιός ἐστιν ἡ ἐπιστήμη, καὶ μείζονας ποιεῖς σεαυτῷ τῆς φιλανθρωπίας τοὺς ὅρους, οὐ μέχρι τῶν σωμάτων περιορίζων τὴν ἐκ τῆς τέχνης χάριν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῶν ψυχικῶν ἀρρωστημάτων ἐπινοῶν τὴν διόρθωσιν. ταῦτα δὲ λέγω, οὐ μόνον ταῖς τῶν πολλῶν φήμαις ἑπόμενος, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῇ κατʼ ἐμαυτὸν διδαχθεὶς πείρᾳ, ἐν πολλοῖς τε ἄλλοις, καὶ διαφερόντως νῦν ἐν τῇ τῶν ἐχθρῶν ἡμῶν ἀνεκδιηγήτῳ κακίᾳ· ἣν ῥεύματος πονηροῦ δίκην κατὰ τῆς ζωῆς ἡμῶν ἐπιρρυεῖσαν εὐμηχάνως διέχεας, τὴν βαρεῖαν ταύτην φλεγμονὴν τῆς καρδίας ἡμῶν τῇ ἐπαντλήσει τῶν παρηγορικῶν λόγων διαφορήσας. ἐγὼ γάρ, πρὸς τὴν ἐπάλληλον τῶν ἐχθρῶν ἡμῶν καὶ ποικίλην καθʼ ἡμῶν ἐπιχείρησιν ἀποβλέπων, σιωπᾷν ᾤμην δεῖν καὶ δέχεσθαι καθʼ ἡσυχίαν τὰ ἐπαγόμενα, μηδὲ ἀντερεῖν τοῖς καθωπλισμένοις τῷ ψεύδει, τῷ πονηρῷ τούτῳ ὅπλῳ, τῷ καὶ διὰ τῆς ἀληθείας πολλάκις τὴν ἀκμὴν εἰσωθοῦντι. σὺ δέ, καλῶς ποιῶν, μὴ καταπροδιδόναι τὴν ἀλήθειαν ἐνεκελεύου, ἀλλὰ διελέγχειν τοὺς συκοφάντας, ὡς ἂν μὴ πολλοὶ παραβλαβεῖεν, κατευημεροῦντος τῆς ἀληθείας τοῦ ψεύδους. Ἔδοξαν οὖν μοι παραπλήσιόν τι ποιεῖν τῷ Αἰσωπείῳ μύθῳ οἱ τὸ ἀπροφάσιστον καθʼ ἡμῶν ἀναλαβόντες μῖσος. ὡς γὰρ ἐκεῖνος ἐγκλήματά τινα τῷ ἀρνίῳ τὸν λύκον προφέρειν ἐποίησεν, αἰσχυνόμενον δῆθεν τὸ δοκεῖν ἄνευ δικαίας προφάσεως ἀναιρεῖν τὸν μηδὲν προλυπήσαντα· τοῦ δὲ ἀρνὸς πᾶσαν τὴν ἐκ συκοφαντίας ἐπαγομένην αἰτίαν εὐχερῶς διαλύοντος, μηδὲν μᾶλλον ὑφίεσθαι τῆς ὁρμῆς τὸν λύκον, ἀλλὰ τοῖς μὲν δικαίοις ἡττᾶσθαι, τοῖς δὲ ὀδοῦσι νικᾷν· οὕτως οἷς τὸ καθʼ ἡμῶν μῖσος ὥς τι τῶν ἀγαθῶν ἐσπουδάσθη, ἐρυθριῶντες τάχα τὸ δοκεῖν ἄνευ αἰτίας μισεῖν, αἰτίας πλάττουσι καθʼ ἡμῶν καὶ ἐγκλήματα· καὶ οὐδενὶ τῶν λεγομένων μέχρι παντὸς ἐπιμένουσιν, ἀλλὰ νῦν μὲν τοῦτο, μετʼ ὀλίγον δὲ ἄλλο, καὶ αὖθις ἕτερον τῆς καθʼ ἡμῶν δυσμενείας τὸ αἴτιον λέγουσι. βέβηκε δὲ αὐτοῖς ἐπʼ οὐδενὸς ἡ κακία· ἀλλʼ ὅταν τούτου τοῦ ἐγκλήματος ἀποσεισθῶσιν, ἑτέρῳ προσφύονται, καὶ ἀπʼ ἐκείνου πάλιν καταλαμβάνουσιν ἕτερον· κἂν πάντα διαλυθῇ τὰ ἐγκλήματα, τοῦ μισεῖν οὐκ ἀφίστανται. τρεῖς θεοὺς πρεσβεύεσθαι παρʼ ἡμῶν αἰτιῶνται, καὶ περιηχοῦσι τὰς ἀκοὰς τῶν πολλῶν, καὶ πιθανῶς κατασκευάζοντες τὴν διαβολὴν ταύτην οὐ παύονται. ἀλλʼ ὑπερμάχεται ἡμῶν ἡ ἀλήθεια, καὶ ἐν κοινῷ πρὸς πάντας καὶ ἰδίᾳ πρὸς τοὺς ἐντυγχάνοντας δεικνύντων ἡμῶν, ὅτι ἀνατεθεμάτισται παρʼ ἡμῶν πᾶς ὁ τρεῖς λέγων θεούς, καὶ οὐδὲ Χριστιανὸς εἶναι κρίνεται. ἀλλʼ ὅταν τοῦτο ἀκούσωσι, πρόχειρος αὐτοῖς καθʼ ἡμῶν ὁ Σαβέλλιος, καὶ ἡ ἐξ ἐκείνου νόσος ἐπιθρυλλεῖται τῷ ἡμετέρῳ λόγῳ. πάλιν καὶ πρὸς τοῦτο ἡμεῖς τὸ σύνηθες ὅπλον τὴν ἀλήθειαν προβαλλόμεθα, δεικνύντες ὅτι ἐπίσης τῷ Ἰουδαϊσμῷ καὶ τὴν τοιαύτην αἵρεσιν φρίττομεν. Τί οὖν; ἆρα μετὰ τοσαύτας ἐγχειρήσεις ἀποκαμόντες ἡσύχασαν; οὐκ ἔστι ταῦτα. ἀλλὰ καινοτομίαν ἡμῖν προφέρουσιν, οὑτωσὶ τὸ ἔγκλημα καθʼ ἡμῶν συντιθέντες τρεῖς ὑποστάσεις ὁμολογούντων· μίαν ἀγαθότητα, καὶ μίαν δύναμιν, καὶ μίαν θεότητα λέγειν ἡμᾶς αἰτιῶνται. καὶ οὐκ ἔξω τοῦτό φασι τῆς ἀληθείας· λέγομεν γάρ. ἀλλʼ ἐγκαλοῦντες τοῦτο προφέρουσιν, ὅτι ἡ συνήθεια αὐτῶν τοῦτο οὐκ ἔχει, καὶ ἡ Γραφὴ οὐ συντίθεται. τί οὖν καὶ πρὸς τοῦτο ἡμεῖς; οὐ νομίζομεν δίκαιον εἶναι τὴν παρʼ αὐτοῖς ἐπικρατοῦσαν συνήθειαν νόμον καὶ κανόνα τοῦ ὀρθοῦ ποιεῖσθαι λόγου. εἰ γὰρ ἰσχυρόν ἐστιν εἰς ἀπόδειξιν ὀρθότητος ἡ συνήθεια, ἔξεστι καὶ ἡμῖν πάντως ἀντιπροβάλλεσθαι τὴν παρʼ ἡμῖν ἐπικρατοῦσαν συνήθειαν. εἰ δὲ παραγράφονται ταύτην ἐκεῖνοι, οὐδὲ ἡμῖν πάντως ἀκολουθητέον ἐκείνοις. οὐκοῦν ἡ θεόπνευστος ἡμῖν διαιτησάτω Γραφή, καὶ παρʼ οἷς ἂν εὑρεθῇ τὰ δόγματα συνῳδὰ τοῖς θείοις λόγοις, ἐπὶ τούτους ἥξει πάντως τῆς ἀληθείας ἡ ψῆφος. τί οὖν ἐστι τὸ ἔγκλημα; δύο γὰρ κατὰ ταὐτὸν ἐν τῇ κατηγορίᾳ τῇ καθʼ ἡμῶν προενήνεκται· ἓν μὲν τὸ διαιρεῖν τὰς ὑποστάσεις· ἕτερον δὲ τὸ μηκέτι μηδὲν τῶν θεαπρεπῶν ὀνομάτων πληθυντικῶς ἀριθμεῖν, ἀλλὰ μίαν, καθὼς προείρηται, τὴν ἀγαθότητα καὶ τὴν δύναμιν καὶ τὴν θεότητα, καὶ πάντα τὰ τοιαῦτα μοναδικῶς ἐξαγγέλλειν. πρὸς μὲν οὖν τὴν διαίρεσιν τῶν ὑποστάσεων οὐκ ἂν ἔχοιεν ἀλλοτρίως οἱ τὴν ἑτερότητα τῶν οὐσιῶν ἐπὶ τῆς θείας δογματίζοντες φύσεως. οὐ γὰρ εἰκός ἐστι τοὺς τρεῖς λέγοντας οὐσίας μὴ καὶ τρεῖς ὑποστάσεις λέγειν. οὐκοῦν τοῦτο μόνον ἐστὶν ἐν ἐγκλήματι, τὸ τὰ ἐπιλεγόμενα τῇ θείᾳ φύσει ὀνόματα μοναδικῶς καταγγέλλειν. Ἀλλʼ ἕτοιμος ἡμῖν πρὸς τοῦτο καὶ σαφὴς ὁ λόγος. ὁ γὰρ καταγινώσκων τῶν μίαν λεγόντων θεότητα ἐξ ἀνάγκης τῷ πολλὰς λέγοντι, ἢ τῷ μηδεμίαν, συνθήσεται. οὐ γάρ ἐστι δυνατὸν ἕτερόν τι παρὰ τὸ εἰρημένον ἐπινοῆσαι. ἀλλʼ οὔτε πολλὰς λέγειν ἡ θεόπνευστος συγχωρεῖ διδασκαλία, εἴπου καὶ μέμνηται, μοναχῶς τῆς θεότητος μνημονεύουσα, ὅτι Ἐν αὐτῷ κατοικεῖ πᾶν τὸ πλήρωμα τῆς θεότητος· καὶ ἑτέρωθι· Τὰ γὰρ ἀόρατα αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ κτίσεως κόσμου τοῖς ποιήμασι νοούμενα καθορᾶται, ἥ τε ἀΐδιος αὐτοῦ δύναμις καὶ θειότης. εἰ οὖν εἰς πλῆθος ἐκτείνειν τὸν ἀριθμὸν τῶν θεοτήτων μόνον τῶν τὴν πολύθεον πλάνην νενοσηκότων ἐστί, τὸ δὲ καθόλου ἀρνεῖσθαι τὴν θεότητα τῶν ἀθέων ἂν εἴη, τίς λόγος ἐστὶν ὁ διαβάλλων ἡμᾶς ἐπὶ τῷ μίαν ὁμολογεῖν τὴν θεότητα; ἀλλʼ ἐκκαλύπτουσι φανερώτερον τὸν τοῦ λόγου σκοπόν· ἐπὶ μὲν τοῦ Πατρὸς καταδέχεσθαι τὸν Θεὸν εἶναι, καὶ τὸν Υἱὸν ὡσαύτως τιμᾶσθαι τῷ τῆς θεότητος ὀνόματι συντιθέμενοι, τὸ δὲ Πνεῦμα Πατρὶ καὶ Υἱῷ συναριθμούμενον, μηκέτι καὶ τῇ τῆς θεότητος ἐννοίᾳ συμπαραλαμβάνεσθαι, ἀλλʼ ἐκ Πατρὸς μέχρι τοῦ Υἱοῦ ἱσταμένην τὴν τῆς θεότητος δύναμιν, ἀποκρίνειν τῆς θεϊκῆς δόξης τὴν φύσιν τοῦ Πνεύματος. οὐκοῦν ἀπολογητέον καὶ ἡμῖν, ὡς ἂν οἷοί τε ὦμεν, διὰ βραχέων καὶ πρὸς ταύτην τὴν ἔννοιαν. Τίς οὖν ὁ ἡμέτερος λόγος; παραδιδοὺς ὁ Κύριος τὴν σωτήριον πίστιν τοῖς μαθητευομένοις τῷ λόγῳ, τῷ Πατρὶ καὶ τῷ Υἱῷ συνάπτει καὶ τὸ Πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον. τὸ δὲ συνημμένον ἅπαξ διὰ πάντων φαμὲν τὴν συνάφειαν ἔχειν. οὐ γὰρ ἐν τινὶ συντεταγμένον, ἐν ἑτέροις ἀποσχοινίζεται. ἀλλʼ ἐν τῇ ζωοποιῷ δυνάμει, καθʼ ἣν ἐκ τοῦ φθαρτοῦ βίου εἰς ἀθανασίαν ἡ φύσις ἡμῶν μετασκευάζεται, συμπαραληφθεῖσα ἡ τοῦ Πνεύματος δύναμις Πατρὶ καὶ Υἱῷ καὶ ἐν πολλοῖς ἑτέροις, οἷον ἐν τῇ κατὰ τὸ ἀγαθὸν ἐννοίᾳ, καὶ τὸ ἅγιόν τε καὶ ἀΐδιον, σοφόν, εὐθές, ἡγεμονικόν, δυνατόν, καὶ πανταχοῦ δηλονότι, τὸ ἀχώριστον ἔχει ἐν πᾶσι τοῖς πρὸς τὸ κρεῖττον ὑπειλημμένοις ὀνόμασιν. οὐκοῦν ἡγούμεθα καλῶς ἔχειν τὸ ἐν τοσαύταις ἐννοίαις ὑψηλαῖς τε καὶ θεοπρεπέσι συναπτόμενον Πατρὶ καὶ Υἱῷ ἐν οὐδενὶ διακεκρίσθαι νομίζειν. οὐδὲ γὰρ οἴδαμέν τινα τῶν περὶ τὴν θείαν φύσιν ἐπινοουμένων ὀνομάτων τὴν κατὰ τὸ κρεῖττον καὶ τὸ χεῖρον διαφοράν, ὡς εὐαγὲς εἶναι οἴεσθαι τὴν ἐν τοῖς καταδεεστέροις τῶν ὀνομάτων κοινωνίαν συγχωροῦντας τῷ Πνεύματι, τῶν ὑπεραιρόντων κρίνειν ἀνάξιον. πάντα γὰρ τὰ θεοπρεπῆ νοήματά τε καὶ ὀνόματα ὁμοτίμως ἔχει πρὸς ἄλληλα, τῷ μηδὲν περὶ τὴν τοῦ ὑποκειμένου διαφωνεῖν σημασίαν. οὐ γὰρ ἐπʼ ἄλλο τι ὑποκείμενον χειραγωγεῖ τὴν διάνοιαν τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ ἡ προσηγορία, ἐφʼ ἕτερον δὲ ἡ τοῦ σοφοῦ καὶ τοῦ δυνατοῦ καὶ τοῦ δικαίου, ἀλλʼ ὅσαπερ ἂν εἴπῃς ὀνόματα, ἓν διὰ πάντων ἐστὶ τὸ σημαινόμενον. κἂν Θεὸν εἴπῃς, τὸν αὐτὸν ἐνεδείξω ὃν διὰ τῶν λοιπῶν ὀνομάτων ἐνόησας. εἰ δὲ πάντα τὰ ὀνόματα τῇ θείᾳ φύσει ἐπιλεγόμενα ἰσοδυναμεῖ ἀλλήλοις κατὰ τὴν τοῦ ὑποκειμένου ἔνδειξιν, ἄλλα κατὰ ἄλλην ἔμφασιν ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτὸ τὴν διάνοιαν ἡμῶν ὁδηγοῦντα, τίς ὁ λόγος τὴν ἐν τοῖς ἄλλοις ὀνόμασι κοινωνίαν, πρὸς Πατέρα τε καὶ Υἱὸν συγχωροῦντα τῷ Πνεύματι, μόνης ἀποσχοινίζειν αὐτὸ τῆς θεότητος; ἀνάγκη γὰρ πᾶσα ἢ καὶ ἐν τούτῳ διδόναι τὴν κοινωνίαν, ἢ μηδὲ τὴν ἐν τοῖς λοιποῖς συγχωρεῖν. εἰ γὰρ ἐν ἐκείνοις ἄξιον, οὐδὲ ἐν τούτῳ πάντως ἀνάξιον. εἰ δὲ μικρότερον, κατὰ τὸν ἐκείνων λόγον, ἐστὶν ἢ ὥστε τοῦ τῆς θεότητος ὀνόματος πρὸς Πατέρα τε καὶ Υἱὸν τὴν κοινωνίαν χωρῆσαι, οὐδὲ ἄλλου τινὸς τῶν θεοπρεπῶν ὀνομάτων μετέχειν ἄξιον. καταμανθανόμενα γὰρ καὶ συγκρινόμενα πρὸς ἄλληλα τὰ ὀνόματα διὰ τῆς ἑκάστοις ἐνθεωρουμένης ἐμφάσεως, εὑρεθησεται μηδὲν τῆς τοῦ Θεοῦ προσηγορίας ἔλαττον ἔχοντα. τεκμήριον δὲ ὅτι τούτῳ μὲν τῷ ὀνόματι πολλὰ καὶ τῶν καταδεεστέρων ἐπονομάζεται· μᾶλλον δὲ οὐ φείδεται ἡ θεία Γραφὴ τῆς ὁμωνυμίας ταύτης, οὐδὲ ἐπὶ τῶν ἀπεμφαινόντων πραγμάτων, ὡς ὅταν τὰ εἴδωλα τῇ τοῦ Θεοῦ προσηγορίᾳ κατονομάζῃ. θεοὶ γάρ, φησίν, οἳ οὐκ ἐποίησαν τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν, ἀρθήτωσαν, καὶ ὑποκάτω τῆς γῆς βληθήτωσαν· καί, Πάντες, φησίν, οἱ θεοὶ τῶν ἐθνῶν δαιμόνια. καὶ ἡ ἐγγαστρίμυθος ἐν ταῖς μαγγανείαις αὐτῆς ψυχαγωγοῦσα τῷ Σαοὺλ τὰς ἐπιζητουμένας ψυχάς, θεοὺς ἑωρακέναι φησίν. ἀλλὰ καὶ ὁ Βαλαὰμ οἰωνιστής τις ὢν καὶ μάντις, καὶ διὰ χειρὸς τὰ μαντεῖα φέρων, καθώς φησιν ἡ Γραφή, καὶ τὴν ἐκ δαιμόνων διδασκαλίαν διὰ τῆς οἰωνιστικῆς περιεργίας ἑαυτῷ κατορθώσας, παρὰ Θεοῦ συμβουλεύεσθαι ὑπὸ τῆς Γραφῆς ἱστορεῖται. καὶ πολλὰ τοιαῦτά ἐστι συλλεξάμενον ἐκ τῶν θείων παραθέσθαι Γραφῶν, ὅτι τὸ ὄνομα τοῦτο οὐδὲν ὑπὲρ τὰς λοιπὰς τὰς θεοπρεπεῖς προσηγορίας πρωτεύει, ὅτε, καθὼς εἴρηται, καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἀπεμφαινόντων ὁμωνύμως λεγόμενον εὑρίσκομεν. τὸ δὲ τοῦ ἁγίου ὄνομα, καὶ τοῦ ἀφθάρτου, καὶ τοῦ εὐθέος, καὶ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ, οὐδαμοῦ κοινοποιούμενον πρὸς τὰ μὴ δέοντα παρὰ τῆς Γραφῆς ἐδιδάχθημεν. οὐκοῦν εἰ ἐν τοῖς ἐξαιρέτως ἐπὶ μόνης τῆς θείας φύσεως εὐσεβῶς λεγομένοις ὀνόμασι κοινωνεῖν τὸ ἅγιον Πνεῦμα πρὸς τὸν Υἱὸν καὶ τὸν Πατέρα οὐκ ἀντιλέγουσι, τίς ὁ λόγος, τούτῳ μόνῳ κατασκευάζειν ἀκοινώνητον εἶναι, οὗ μετέχειν ἐδείχθη, κατά τινα ὁμώνυμον χρῆσιν καὶ τὰ δαιμόνια καὶ τὰ εἴδωλα; Ἀλλὰ λέγουσι φύσεως ἐνδεικτικὴν εἶναι τὴν προσηγορίαν ταύτην, ἀκοινώνητον δὲ εἶναι πρὸς Πατέρα καὶ Υἱὸν τὴν τοῦ Πνεύματος φύσιν, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο μηδὲ τῆς κατὰ τὸ ὄνομα τοῦτο κοινωνίας μετέχειν. οὐκοῦν δειξάτωσαν, διὰ τίνων τὸ τῆς φύσεως παρηλλαγμένον ἐπέγνωσαν. εἰ μὲν γὰρ ἦν δυνατὸν αὐτὴν ἐφʼ ἑαυτῆς τὴν θείαν φύσιν θεωρηθῆναι, καὶ τό τε οἰκείως ἔχον καὶ τὸ ἀλλοτρίως διὰ τῶν φαινομένων εὑρεῖν, οὐκ ἂν πάντως ἐδεήθημεν λόγων ἢ τεκμηρίων ἑτέρων πρὸς τὴν τοῦ ζητουμένου κατάληψιν· ἐπειδὴ δὲ ἡ μὲν ὑψηλοτέρα τῆς τῶν ζητουμένων ἐστὶ κατανοήσεως, ἐκ δὲ τεκμηρίων τινῶν περὶ τῶν διαφευγόντων τὴν γνῶσιν ἡμῶν λογιζόμεθα, ἀνάγκη πᾶσα διὰ τῶν ἐνεργειῶν ἡμᾶς χειραγωγεῖσθαι πρὸς τὴν τῆς θείας φύσεως ἔρευναν. οὐκοῦν ἐὰν ἴδωμεν διαφερούσας ἀλλήλων τὰς ἐνεργείας τὰς παρὰ τοῦ Πατρὸς καὶ τοῦ Υἱοῦ καὶ τοῦ ἁγίου Πνεύματος ἐνεργουμένας διαφόρους εἶναι, καὶ τὰς ἐνεργούσας φύσεις ἐκ τῆς ἑτερότητος τῶν ἐνεργειῶν στοχασόμεθα. οὐδὲ γὰρ ἐνδέχεται τὰ διεστῶτα κατὰ τὸν τῆς φύσεως λόγον πρὸς τὸ τῶν ἐνεργειῶν εἶδος ἀλλήλοις συνενεχθῆναι· (οὔτε ψύχει τὸ πῦρ, οὔτε θερμαίνει ὁ κρύσταλλος), ἀλλὰ τῇ τῶν φύσεων διαφορᾷ συνδιαχωρίζονται ἀπʼ ἀλλήλων καὶ αἱ παρὰ τούτων ἐνέργειαι. ἐὰν δὲ μίαν νοήσωμεν τὴν ἐνέργειαν Πατρός τε καὶ Υἱοῦ καὶ Πνεύματος ἁγίου, ἐν μηδενὶ διαφέρουσάν τι ἢ παραλλάσσουσαν, ἀνάγκη τῇ ταυτότητι τῆς ἐνεργείας τὸ ἡνωμένον τῆς φύσεως συλλογίζεσθαι. Ἁγιάζει, καὶ ζωοποιεῖ, καὶ φωτίζει, καὶ παρακαλεῖ, καὶ πάντα τὰ τοιαῦτα, ὁμοίως ὁ Πατὴρ καὶ ὁ Υἱὸς καὶ τὸ Πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον. καὶ μηδεὶς κατʼ ἐξαίρετον ἀπονεμέτω τῇ ἐνεργείᾳ τοῦ Πνεύματος τὴν ἁγιαστικὴν ἐξουσίαν, ἀκούσας τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἐν τῷ Εὐαγγελίῳ περὶ τῶν μαθητῶν πρὸς τὸν Πατέρα λέγοντος· Πάτερ, ἁγίασον αὐτοὺς ἐν τῷ ὀνοματί σου. ὡσαύτως δὲ καὶ τὰ ἄλλα πάντα κατὰ τὸ ἴσον ἐνεργεῖται τοῖς ἀξίοις παρὰ τοῦ Πατρός τε καὶ τοῦ Υἱοῦ καὶ τοῦ ἁγίου Πνεύματος· πᾶσα χάρις καὶ δύναμις, ἡ ὁδηγία, ἡ ζωή, ἡ παράκλησις, ἡ πρὸς τὸ ἀθάνατον μεταβολή, ἡ εἰς ἐλευθερίαν μετάστασις, καὶ εἴ τι ἄλλο ἐστὶν ἀγαθόν, ὃ μέχρις ἡμῶν καταβαίνει. ἡ δὲ ὑπὲρ ἡμᾶς οἰκονομία, ἔν τε τῇ νοητῇ κτίσει καὶ τῇ αἰσθητῇ, εἴ τι χρὴ διὰ τῶν γινωσκομένων ἡμῖν καὶ περὶ τῶν ὑπερκειμένων στοχάζεσθαι, οὐδὲ αὐτὴ τῆς τοῦ ἀγίου Πνεύματος ἐνεργείας καὶ δυνάμεως ἔξω καθέστηκεν, ἑκάστου κατὰ τὴν ἰδίαν ἀξίαν τε καὶ χρείαν τῆς ὠφελείας μεταλαμβάνοντας. εἰ γὰρ καὶ ἄδηλος τῇ αἰσθήσει τῇ ἡμετέρᾳ ἡ περὶ τῶν ἄνω τῆς ἡμετέρας φύσεως διάταξίς τε καὶ διοίκησις, ὅμως ἐκ τῆς ἀκολουθίας εὐλογώτερον ἄν τις σύνθοιτο διὰ τῶν ἡμῖν γνωρίμων ἐνεργὸν εἶναι καὶ ἐπʼ ἐκείνων τὴν τοῦ Πνεύματος δύναμιν, ἢ ἀπεξενῶσθαι τῆς ἐν τοῖς ὑπερκειμένοις οἰκονομίας. ὁ μὲν γὰρ ἐκεῖνο λέγων ψιλὴν καὶ ἀκατάσκευον τὴν βλασφημίαν προβάλλεται, οὐδενὶ λογισμῷ κατασκευάζων τὴν ἀτοπίαν. ὁ δὲ συντιθέμενος καὶ τὰ ὑπὲρ ἡμᾶς μετὰ Πατρὸς καὶ Υἱοῦ τῇ δυνάμει τοῦ Πνεύματος οἰκονομεῖσθαι, ἐναργεῖ τεκμηρίῳ τῷ κατὰ τὴν ἰδίαν ζωὴν ἐπερειδόμενος περὶ τούτων διισχυρίζεται. οὐκοῦν ἡ τῆς ἐνεργείας ταυτότης ἐπὶ Πατρός τε καὶ Υἱοῦ καὶ Πνεύματος ἁγίου δείκνυσι σαφῶς τὸ τῆς φύσεως ἀπαράλλακτον. ὥστε κἂν φύσιν σημαίνῃ τὸ τῆς θεότητος ὄνομα, κυρίως καὶ τῷ ἁγίῳ Πνεύματι τὴν προσηγορίαν ἐφαρμόζεσθαι ταύτην ἡ τῆς οὐσίας κοινότης συντίθεται. Ἀλλʼ οὐκ οἶδα ὅπως ἐπὶ τὴν τῆς φύσεως ἔνδειξιν τὴν προσηγορίαν τῆς θεότητος φέρουσιν οἱ πάντα κατασκευάζοντες, ὥσπερ οὐκ ἀκηκοότες παρὰ τῆς Γραφῆς, ὅτι χειροτονητὴ φύσις οὐ γίνεται. Μωϋσῆς δὲ τῶν Αἰγυπτίων ἐχειροτονήθη θεός, οὕτω πρὸς αὐτὸν εἰπόντος τοῦ χρηματίζοντος, ὅτι Θεόν σε δέδωκα τῷ Φαραώ. οὐκοῦν ἐξουσίας τινός, εἴτε ἐποπτικῆς εἴτε ἐνεργητικῆς, ἔνδειξιν ἡ προσηγορία φέρει. ἡ δὲ θεία φύσις ἐν πᾶσι τοῖς ἐπινοουμένοις ὀνόμασι, καθό ἐστι, μένει ἀσήμαντος, ὡς ὁ ἡμέτερος λόγος. εὐεργέτην γάρ, καὶ κριτήν, ἀγαθόν τε καὶ δίκαιον, καὶ ὅσα ἄλλα τοιαῦτα μαθόντες, ἐνεργειῶν διαφορὰς ἐδιδάχθημεν· τοῦ δὲ ἐνεργοῦντος τὴν φύσιν οὐδὲν μᾶλλον διὰ τῆς τῶν ἐνεργειῶν κατανοήσεως ἐπιγνῶναι δυνάμεθα. ὅταν γὰρ ἀποδιδῷ τις λόγον ἑκάστου τε τούτων τῶν ὀνομάτων καὶ αὐτῆς τῆς φύσεως περὶ ἣν τὰ ὀνόματα, οὐ τὸν αὐτὸν ἀμφοτέρων ἀποδώσει λόγον. ὧν δὲ ὁ λόγος ἕτερος, τούτων καὶ ἡ φύσις διάφορος. οὐκοῦν ἄλλο μέν τί ἐστιν ἡ οὐσία, ἧς οὔπω λόγος μηνυτὴς ἐξευρέθη· ἑτέρα δὲ τῶν περὶ αὐτὴν ὀνομάτων ἡ σημασία, ἐξ ἐνεργείας τινὸς ἢ ἀξίας ὀνομαζομένων. Τὸ μὲν οὖν ἐν ταῖς ἐνεργείαις μηδεμίαν εἶναι διαφορὰν ἐκ τῆς τῶν ὀνομάτων κοινωνίας εὑρίσκομεν· τῆς δὲ κατὰ τὴν φύσιν παραλλαγῆς οὐδεμίαν καταλαμβάνομεν ἐναργῆ τὴν ἀπόδειξιν· καθὼς εἴρηται, τῆς τῶν ἐνεργειῶν ταὐτότητος τὸ κοινὸν τῆς φύσεως ὑποσημαινούσης. εἴτε οὖν ἐνεργείας ὄνομα ἡ θεότης, ὡς μίαν ἐνέργειαν Πατρὸς καὶ Υἱοῦ καὶ ἁγίου Πνεύματος, οὕτω μίαν φαμὲν εἶναι τὴν θεότητα· εἴτε κατὰ τὰς τῶν πολλῶν δόξας, φύσεως ἐνδεικτικόν ἐστι τὸ τῆς θεότητος ὄνομα, διὰ τὸ μηδεμίαν εὑρίσκειν ἐν τῇ φύσει παραλλαγήν, οὐκ ἀπεικότως μιᾶς θεότητος τὴν ἁγίαν Τριάδα διοριζόμεθα.