Letter 199: I wrote some time ago in reply to the questions of your reverence, but I did not send the letter, partly because from my long and dangerous illness I had not time to do so; partly because I had no one to send with it. I have but few men with me who are experienced in travelling and fit for service of this kind. When you thus learn the causes of ...

(Second Canonical Letter) To Amphilochius, concerning the Canons: I wrote some time ago in reply to your reverence's questions, but did not send the letter -- partly because my long and dangerous illness left me no time, and partly because I had no one to carry it. I have few men with me who are experienced travelers and fit for this kind of errand. Now that you know the reasons for my delay, forgive me. I have been quite astonished by your eagerness to learn and your humility. You hold the office of teacher, yet you willingly come to learn -- and from me, who makes no claim to great knowledge. But since you are willing, out of your fear of God, to do what another might hesitate to do, I am bound for my part to go beyond even my own strength to support your righteous zeal. XVII. You asked about the presbyter Bianor -- whether he may be admitted among the clergy, given his oath. I have already issued a general ruling to the clergy of Antioch concerning all who swore with him: they should abstain from public worship but may perform priestly functions in private. Bianor has the further liberty that his duties lie not in Antioch but in Iconium, since, as you yourself have written, he has chosen to live there. He may therefore be received, but your reverence should require him to show repentance for the rashness of the oath he took before the unbeliever -- an oath taken because he could not endure even a small trial. XVIII. Concerning fallen virgins who, after professing a chaste life before the Lord, have made their vows empty by falling to the desires of the flesh: our Fathers, gently and mercifully making allowance for the weaknesses of those who fall, laid down a period of penance... [This letter continues with extensive canonical rulings on penance for various offenses, the treatment of those who break monastic vows, regulations on bigamy and trigamy, disciplinary categories for different sins, and instructions on readmission to communion.]

ST. BASIL OF CAESAREA Canonica Secunda. To Amphilochius, concerning the Canons. I wrote some time ago in reply to the questions of your reverence, but I did not send the letter, partly because from my long and dangerous illness I had not time to do so; partly because I had no one to send with it. I have but few men with me who are experienced in travelling and fit for service of this kind. When you thus learn the causes of my delay, forgive me. I have been quite astonished at your readiness to learn and at your humility. You are entrusted with the office of a teacher, and yet you condescend to learn, and to learn of me, who pretend to no great knowledge. Nevertheless, since you consent, on account of your fear of God, to do what another man might hesitate to do, I am bound for my part to go even beyond my strength in aiding your readiness and righteous zeal. XVII. You asked me about the presbyter Bianor — can he be admitted among the clergy, because of his oath? I know that I have already given the clergy of Antioch a general sentence in the case of all those who had sworn with him; namely, that they should abstain from the public congregations, but might perform priestly functions in private. Moreover, he has the further liberty for the performance of his ministerial functions, from the fact that his sacred duties lie not at Antioch, but at Iconium; for, as you have written to me yourself, he has chosen to live rather at the latter than at the former place. The man in question may, therefore, be received; but your reverence must require him to show repentance for the rash readiness of the oath which he took before the unbeliever, being unable to bear the trouble of that small peril. XVIII. Concerning fallen virgins, who, after professing a chaste life before the Lord, make their vows vain, because they have fallen under the lusts of the flesh, our fathers, tenderly and meekly making allowance for the infirmities of them that fall, laid down that they might be received after a year, ranking them with the digamists. Since, however, by God's grace the Church grows mightier as she advances, and the order of virgins is becoming more numerous, it is my judgment that careful heed should be given both to the act as it appears upon consideration, and to the mind of Scripture, which may be discovered from the context. Widowhood is inferior to virginity; consequently the sin of the widows comes far behind that of the virgins. Let us see what Paul writes to Timothy. The young widows refuse: for when they have begun to wax wanton against Christ, they will marry; having damnation because they have cast off their first faith. 1 Timothy 5:11-12 If, therefore, a widow lies under a very heavy charge, as setting at naught her faith in Christ, what must we think of the virgin, who is the bride of Christ, and a chosen vessel dedicated to the Lord? It is a grave fault even on the part of a slave to give herself away in secret wedlock and fill the house with impurity, and, by her wicked life, to wrong her owner; but it is forsooth far more shocking for the bride to become an adulteress, and, dishonouring her union with the bridegroom, to yield herself to unchaste indulgence. The widow, as being a corrupted slave, is indeed condemned; but the virgin comes under the charge of adultery. We call the man who lives with another man's wife an adulterer, and do not receive him into communion until he has ceased from his sin; and so we shall ordain in the case of him who has the virgin. One point, however, must be determined beforehand, that the name virgin is given to a woman who voluntarily devotes herself to the Lord, renounces marriage, and embraces a life of holiness. And we admit professions dating from the age of full intelligence. For it is not right in such cases to admit the words of mere children. But a girl of sixteen or seventeen years of age, in full possession of her faculties, who has been submitted to strict examination, and is then constant, and persists in her entreaty to be admitted, may then be ranked among the virgins, her profession ratified, and its violation rigorously punished. Many girls are brought forward by their parents and brothers, and other kinsfolk, before they are of full age, and have no inner impulse towards a celibate life. The object of the friends is simply to provide for themselves. Such women as these must not be readily received, before we have made public investigation of their own sentiments. XIX. I do not recognise the profession of men, except in the case of those who have enrolled themselves in the order of monks, and seem to have secretly adopted the celibate life. Yet in their case I think it becoming that there should be a previous examination, and that a distinct profession should be received from them, so that whenever they may revert to the life of the pleasures of the flesh, they may be subjected to the punishment of fornicators. XX. I do not think that any condemnation ought to be passed on women who professed virginity while in heresy, and then afterwards preferred marriage. Whatever things the law says, it says to them who are under the law. Romans 3:19 Those who have not yet put on Christ's yoke do not recognise the laws of the Lord. They are therefore to be received in the church, as having remission in the case of these sins too, as of all, from their faith in Christ. As a general rule, all sins formerly committed in the catechumenical state are not taken into account. The Church does not receive these persons without baptism; and it is very necessary that in such cases the birthrights should be observed. XXI. If a man living with a wife is not satisfied with his marriage and falls into fornication, I account him a fornicator, and prolong his period of punishment. Nevertheless, we have no canon subjecting him to the charge of adultery, if the sin be committed against an unmarried woman. For the adulteress, it is said, being polluted shall be polluted, Jeremiah 3:1 and she shall not return to her husband: and He that keeps an adulteress is a fool and impious. He, however, who has committed fornication is not to be cut off from the society of his own wife. So the wife will receive the husband on his return from fornication, but the husband will expel the polluted woman from his house. The argument here is not easy, but the custom has so obtained. XXII. Men who keep women carried off by violence, if they carried them off when betrothed to other men, must not be received before removal of the women and their restoration to those to whom they were first contracted, whether they wish to receive them, or to separate from them. In the case of a girl who has been taken when not betrothed, she ought first to be removed, and restored to her own people, and handed over to the will of her own people whether parents, or brothers, or any one having authority over her. If they choose to give her up, the cohabitation may stand; but, if they refuse, no violence should be used. In the case of a man having a wife by seduction, be it secret or by violence, he must be held guilty of fornication. The punishment of fornicators is fixed at four years. In the first year they must be expelled from prayer, and weep at the door of the church; in the second they may be received to sermon; in the third to penance; in the fourth to standing with the people, while they are withheld from the oblation. Finally, they may be admitted to the communion of the good gift. XXIII. Concerning men who marry two sisters, or women who marry two brothers a short letter of mine has been published, of which I have sent a copy to your reverence. The man who has taken his own brother's wife is not to be received until he have separated from her. XXIV. A widow whose name is in the list of widows, that is, who is supported by the Church, is ordered by the Apostle to be supported no longer when she marries. 1 Timothy 5:11-12 There is no special rule for a widower. The punishment appointed for digamy may suffice. If a widow who is sixty years of age chooses again to live with a husband, she shall be held unworthy of the communion of the good gift until she be moved no longer by her impure desire. If we reckon her before sixty years, the blame rests with us, and not with the woman. XXV. The man who retains as his wife the woman whom he has violated, shall be liable to the penalty of rape, but it shall be lawful for him to have her to wife. XXVI. Fornication is not wedlock, nor yet the beginning of wedlock. Wherefore it is best, if possible, to put asunder those who are united in fornication. If they are set on cohabitation, let them admit the penalty of fornication. Let them be allowed to live together, lest a worse thing happen. XXVII. As to the priest ignorantly involved in an illegal marriage, I have made the fitting regulation, that he may hold his seat, but must abstain from other functions. For such a case pardon is enough. It is unreasonable that the man who has to treat his own wounds should be blessing another, for benediction is the imparting of holiness. How can he who through his fault, committed in ignorance, is without holiness, impart it to another? Let him bless neither in public nor in private, nor distribute the body of Christ to others, nor perform any other sacred function, but, content with his seat of honour, let him beseech the Lord with weeping, that his sin, committed in ignorance, may be forgiven. XXVIII. It has seemed to me ridiculous that any one should make a vow to abstain from swine's flesh. Be so good as to teach men to abstain from foolish vows and promises. Represent the use to be quite indifferent. No creature of God, received with thanksgiving, is to be rejected. 1 Timothy 4:4 The vow is ridiculous; the abstinence unnecessary. XXIX. It is especially desirable that attention should be given to the case of persons in power who threaten on oath to do some hurt to those under their authority. The remedy is twofold. In the first place, let them be taught not to take oaths at random: secondly, not to persist in their wicked determinations. Any one who is arrested in the design of fulfilling an oath to injure another ought to show repentance for the rashness of his oath, and must not confirm his wickedness under the pretext of piety. Herod was none the better for fulfilling his oath, when, of course only to save himself from perjury, he became the prophet's murderer. Matthew 14:10 Swearing is absolutely forbidden, Matthew 5:34 and it is only reasonable that the oath which tends to evil should be condemned. The swearer must therefore change his mind, and not persist in confirming his impiety. Consider the absurdity of the thing a little further. Suppose a man to swear that he will put his brother's eyes out: is it well for him to carry his oath into action? Or to commit murder? Or to break any other commandment? I have sworn, and I will perform it, not to sin, but to keep your righteous judgments. It is no less our duty to undo and destroy sin, than it is to confirm the commandment by immutable counsels. XXX. As to those guilty of abduction we have no ancient rule, but I have expressed my own judgment. The period is three years; the culprits and their accomplices to be excluded from service. The act committed without violence is not liable to punishment, whenever it has not been preceded by violation or robbery. The widow is independent, and to follow or not is in her own power. We must, therefore, pay no heed to excuses. XXXI. A woman whose husband has gone away and disappeared, and who marries another, before she has evidence of his death, commits adultery. Clerics who are guilty of the sin unto death are degraded from their order, but not excluded from the communion of the laity. You shall not punish twice for the same fault. XXXIII. Let an indictment for murder be preferred against the woman who gives birth to a child on the road and pays no attention to it. XXXIV. Women who had committed adultery, and confessed their fault through piety, or were in any way convicted, were not allowed by our fathers to be publicly exposed, that we might not cause their death after conviction. But they ordered that they should be excluded from communion till they had fulfilled their term of penance. XXXV. In the case of a man deserted by his wife, the cause of the desertion must be taken into account. If she appear to have abandoned him without reason, he is deserving of pardon, but the wife of punishment. Pardon will be given to him that he may communicate with the Church. XXXVI. Soldiers' wives who have married in their husbands' absence will come under the same principle as wives who, when their husbands have been on a journey, have not waited their return. Their case, however, does admit of some concession on the ground of there being greater reason to suspect death. XXXVII. The man who marries after abducting another man's wife will incur the charge of adultery for the first case; but for the second will go free. XXXVIII. Girls who follow against their fathers' will commit fornication; but if their fathers are reconciled to them, the act seems to admit of a remedy. They are not however immediately restored to communion, but are to be punished for three years. XXXIX. The woman who lives with an adulterer is an adulteress the whole time. XL. The woman who yields to a man against her master's will commits fornication; but if afterwards she accepts free marriage, she marries. The former case is fornication; the latter marriage. The covenants of persons who are not independent have no validity. XLI. The woman in widowhood, who is independent, may dwell with a husband without blame, if there is no one to prevent their cohabitation; for the Apostle says; but if her husband be dead, she is at liberty to be married to whom she will; only in the Lord. 1 Corinthians 7:39 XLII. Marriages contracted without the permission of those in authority, are fornication. If neither father nor master be living the contracting parties are free from blame; just as if the authorities assent to the cohabitation, it assumes the fixity of marriage. XLIII. He who smites his neighbour to death is a murderer, whether he struck first or in self defense. XLIV. The deaconess who commits fornication with a heathen may be received into repentance and will be admitted to the oblation in the seventh year; of course if she be living in chastity. The heathen who, after he has believed, takes to idolatry, returns to his vomit. We do not, however, give up the body of the deaconess to the use of the flesh, as being consecrated. XLV. If any one, after taking the name of Christianity, insults Christ, he gets no good from the name. XLVI. The woman who unwillingly marries a man deserted at the time by his wife, and is afterwards repudiated, because of the return of the former to him, commits fornication, but involuntarily. She will, therefore, not be prohibited from marriage; but it is better if she remain as she is. XLVII. Encratitæ, Saccophori, and Apotactitæ are not regarded in the same manner as Novatians, since in their case a canon has been pronounced, although different; while of the former nothing has been said. All these I re-baptize on the same principle. If among you their re-baptism is forbidden, for the sake of some arrangement, nevertheless let my principle prevail. Their heresy is, as it were, an offshoot of the Marcionites, abominating, as they do, marriage, refusing wine, and calling God's creature polluted. We do not therefore receive them into the Church, unless they be baptized into our baptism. Let them not say that they have been baptized into Father, Son and Holy Ghost, inasmuch as they make God the author of evil, after the example of Marcion and the rest of the heresies. Wherefore, if this be determined on, more bishops ought to meet together in one place and publish the canon in these terms, that action may be taken without peril, and authority given to answers to questions of this kind. XLVIII. The woman who has been abandoned by her husband, ought, in my judgment, to remain as she is. The Lord said, If any one leave his wife, saving for the cause of fornication, he causes her to commit adultery; Matthew 5:22 thus, by calling her adulteress, He excludes her from intercourse with another man. For how can the man being guilty, as having caused adultery, and the woman, go without blame, when she is called adulteress by the Lord for having intercourse with another man? XLIX. Suffering violation should not be a cause of condemnation. So the slave girl, if she has been forced by her own master, is free from blame. L. There is no law as to trigamy: a third marriage is not contracted by law. We look upon such things as the defilements of the Church. But we do not subject them to public condemnation, as being better than unrestrained fornication.

[Πρός: ΚΑΝΟΝΙΚΗ β· Ἀμφιλοχίῳ περὶ κανόνων.] Πάλαι πρὸς τὰς παρὰ τῆς εὐλαβείας σου προταθείσας ἡμῖν ἐρωτήσεις ἀποκρινάμενος, οὐκ ἀπέστειλα τὸ γράμμα, τοῦτο μὲν ὑπὸ τῆς ἀρρωστίας τῆς μακρᾶς καὶ ἐπικινδύνου ἀσχοληθείς, τοῦτο δὲ ὑπὸ τῆς ἀπορίας τῶν διακονουμένων. ὀλίγοι γὰρ παρʼ ἡμῖν καὶ ὁδοῦ ἔμπειροι καὶ παρεσκευασμένοι πρὸς τὰς τοιαύτας ὑπηρεσίας. ὥστε μαθὼν τὰς αἰτίας τῆς βραδυτῆτος, δὸς ἡμῖν τὴν συγγνώμην. Ἐθαυμάσαμεν δέ σου τὴν φιλομάθειαν ὁμοῦ καὶ τὴν ταπεινοφροσύνην, ὅτι καὶ μαθεῖν καταδέχῃ, τὴν τοῦ διδάσκειν τάξιν πεπιστευμένος, καὶ μανθάνειν παρʼ ἡμῶν, οἷς οὐδὲν μέγα πρόσεστι πρὸς γνῶσιν. ἀλλʼ ὅμως, ἐπειδὴ καταδέχῃ διὰ τὸν φόβον τοῦ Θεοῦ ποιεῖν πρᾶγμα οὐ ῥᾳδίως παρʼ ἑτέρου γινόμενον, χρὴ καὶ ἡμᾶς τῇ προθυμίᾳ σου καὶ τῇ ἀγαθῇ σπουδῇ συναίρεσθαι καὶ ὑπὲρ δύναμιν. Ἠρώτησας ἡμᾶς περὶ Βιάνορος τοῦ πρεσβυτέρου, εἰ δεκτός ἐστιν εἰς τὸν κλῆρον, διὰ τὸν ὅρκον. ἐγὼ δὲ ἤδη τινὰ κοινὸν ὅρον περὶ πάντων ὁμοῦ τῶν μετʼ αὐτοῦ ὀμωμοκότων τοῖς κατʼ Ἀντιόχειαν κληρικοῖς οἶδα ἐκτεθεικώς· ὥστε τῶν μὲν δημοσίων αὐτοὺς ἀπέχεσθαι συλλόγων, ἰδίᾳ δὲ ἐνεργεῖν τὰ τῶν πρεσβυτέρων. τὸ αὐτὸ δὲ τοῦτο καὶ πρὸς τὴν ἑαυτοῦ ὑπηρεσίαν ἄδειαν αὐτῷ παρέχει, διότι οὐκ ἐν Ἀντιοχείᾳ ἐστὶν ἡ ἱερωσύνη, ἀλλʼ ἐν Ἰκονίῳ· ἥν, ὡς αὐτὸς ἐπέστειλας ἡμῖν, τῆς Ἀντιοχείας εἰς οἴκησιν ἀντηλλάξατο. ἔστιν οὖν δεκτὸς ἐκεῖνος ὁ ἀνήρ, ἀπαιτούμενος παρὰ τῆς εὐλαβείας σου μεταμέλεσθαι ἐπὶ τῇ εὐκολίᾳ τοῦ ὅρκου, ὃν ἐπὶ τοῦ ἀπίστου ἀνδρὸς ἐξωμόσατο, βαστάσαι τὴν ἐνόχλησιν τοῦ μικροῦ ἐκείνου κινδύνου μὴ δυνηθείς. Περὶ τῶν ἐκπεσουσῶν παρθένων τῶν καθομολογησαμένων τὸν ἐν σεμνότητι βίον τῷ Κυρίῳ, εἶτα διὰ τὸ ὑποπεσεῖν τοῖς πάθεσι τῆς σαρκὸς ἀθετουσῶν τὰς ἑαυτῶν συνθήκας, οἱ μὲν πατέρες ἡμῶν ἁπλῶς καὶ πράως συμπεριφερόμενοι ταῖς ἀσθενείαις τῶν κατολισθαινόντων, ἐνομοθέτησαν δεκτὰς εἶναι μετὰ τὸν ἐνιαυτόν, καθʼ ὁμοιότητα τῶν διγάμων διαταξάμενοι. ἐμοὶ δὲ δοκεῖ, ἐπειδὴ τῇ τοῦ Θεοῦ χάριτι προϊοῦσα ἡ Ἐκκλησία, κραταιοτέρα γίνεται, καὶ πληθύνεται νῦν τὸ τάγμα τῶν παρθένων, προσέχειν ἀκριβῶς τῷ τε κατʼ ἔννοιαν φαινομένῳ πράγματι, καὶ τῇ τῆς Γραφῆς διανοίᾳ, ἣν δυνατὸν ἐξευρεῖν ἀπὸ τοῦ ἀκολούθου. χηρεία γὰρ παρθενίας ἐλάττων· οὐκοῦν καὶ τὸ τῶν χηρῶν ἁμάρτημα πολλῷ δεύτερόν ἐστι τοῦ τῶν παρθένων. ἴδωμεν τοίνυν τί γέγραπται Τιμοθέῳ παρὰ τοῦ Παύλου. Νεωτέρας δὲ χήρας παραιτοῦ. ὅταν γὰρ καταστρηνιάσωσι τοῦ Χρίστου, γαμεῖν θέλουσιν, ἔχουσαι κρίμα, ὅτι τὴν πρώτην πίστιν ἠθέτησαν. εἰ τοίνυν χήρα κρίματι ὑπόκειται βαρυτάτῳ, ὡς τὴν εἰς Χριστὸν ἀθετήσασα πίστιν, τί χρὴ λογίζεσθαι ἡμᾶς περὶ τῆς παρθένου, ἥτις νύμφη ἐστὶ τοῦ Χριστοῦ καὶ σκεῦος ἱερὸν ἀνατεθὲν τῷ Δεσπότῃ; μέγα μὲν ἁμάρτημα καὶ δούλην λαθραίοις γάμοις ἑαυτὴν ἐπιδιδοῦσαν φθορᾶς ἀναπλῆσαι τὸν οἶκον, καὶ καθυβρίζειν διὰ τοῦ πονηροῦ βίου τὸν κεκτημένον· πολλῷ δὲ δήπου χαλεπώτερον τὴν νύμφην μοιχαλίδα γενέσθαι καί, τὴν πρὸς τὸν νυμφίον ἕνωσιν ἀτιμάσασαν, ἡδοναῖς ἀκολάστοις ἑαυτὴν ἐπιδοῦναι. οὐκοῦν ἡ μὲν χήρα, ὡς δούλη διεφθαρμένη, καταδικάζεται, ἡ δὲ παρθένος τῷ κρίματι τῆς μοιχαλίδος ὑπόκειται. ὥσπερ οὖν τὸν ἀλλοτρίᾳ γυναικὶ συνιόντα μοιχὸν ὀνομάζομεν, οὐ πρότερον παραδεξάμενοι εἰς κοινωνίαν, πρὶν ἢ παύσασθαι τῆς ἁμαρτίας, οὕτω δῆλον ὅτι καὶ ἐπὶ τοῦ τὴν παρθένον ἔχοντος διατεθησόμεθα. ἐκεῖνο δὲ νῦν προδιομολογεῖσθαι ἡμῖν ἀναγκαῖον, ὅτι παρθένος ὀνομάζεται ἡ ἑκουσίως ἑαυτὴν προσαγαγοῦσα τῷ Κυρίῳ, καὶ ἀποταξαμένη τῷ γάμῳ, καὶ τὸν ἐν ἁγιασμῷ βίον προτιμήσασα. τὰς δὲ ὁμολογίας τότε ἐγκρίνομεν, ἀφʼ οὗπερ ἂν ἡ ἡλικία τὴν τοῦ λόγου συμπλήρωσιν ἔχῃ. οὐδὲ γὰρ τὰς παιδικὰς φωνὰς πάντως κυρίας ἐπὶ τῶν τοιούτων ἡγεῖσθαι προσῆκεν, ἀλλὰ τὴν ὑπὲρ τὰ δέκα ἓξ ἢ δέκα καὶ ἑπτὰ γενομένην ἔτη, κυρίαν οὖσαν τῶν λογισμῶν, ἀνακριθεῖσαν ἐπὶ πλεῖον εἶτα παραμείνασαν, καὶ λιπαροῦσαν διὰ ἱκεσιῶν πρὸς τὸ παραδεχθῆναι, τότε ἐγκαταλέγεσθαι χρὴ ταῖς παρθένοις, καὶ τὴν ὁμολογίαν τῆς τοιαύτης κυροῦν, καὶ τὴν ἀθέτησιν αὐτῆς ἀπαραιτήτως κολάζειν. πολλὰς γὰρ γονεῖς προσάγουσι καὶ ἀδελφοὶ καὶ τῶν προσηκόντων τινὲς πρὸ τῆς ἡλικίας, οὐκ οἴκοθεν ὁρμηθείσας πρὸς ἀγαμίαν, ἀλλά τι βιωτικὸν ἑαυτοῖς διοικούμενοι. ἃς οὐ ῥᾳδίως προσδέχεσθαι δεῖ, ἕως ἂν φανερῶς τὴν ἰδίαν αὐτῶν ἐρευνήσωμεν γνώμην. Ἀνδρῶν δὲ ὁμολογίας οὐκ ἔγνωμεν, πλὴν εἰ μή τινες ἑαυτοὺς τῷ τάγματι τῶν μοναζόντων ἐγκατηρίθμησαν· οἳ κατὰ τὸ σιωπώμενον δοκοῦσι παραδεδέχθαι τῆν ἀγαμίαν. πλὴν καὶ ἐπʼ ἐκείνων ἐκεῖνο ἡγοῦμαι προηγεῖσθαι προσήκειν· ἐρωτᾶσθαι αὐτούς, καὶ λαμβάνεσθαι τὴν παρʼ αὐτῶν ὁμολογίαν ἐναργῆ, ὥστε, ἐπειδὰν μετατίθενται πρὸς τὸν φιλόσαρκον καὶ ἡδονικὸν βίον, ὑπάγειν αὐτοὺς τῷ τῶν πορνευόντων ἐπιτιμίῳ. Ὅσαι γυναῖκες, ἐν αἱρέσει οὖσαι, παρθενίαν ὡμολόγησαν, εἶτα μετὰ ταῦτα γάμον ἀνθείλοντο, οὐχ ἡγοῦμαι χρῆναι καταδικάζεσθαι ταύτας. ὅσα γὰρ ὁ νόμος λέγει, τοῖς ἐν τῷ νόμῳ λαλεῖ. αἱ δὲ μήπω ὑπελθοῦσαι τὸν ζυγὸν τοῦ Χριστοῦ οὐδὲ τὴν νομοθεσίαν ἐπιγινώσκουσι τοῦ Δεσπότου. ὥστε δεκταί εἰσι τῇ Ἐκκλησίᾳ μετὰ πάντων καὶ τὴν ἐπὶ τούτοις ἄφεσιν ἔχουσαι ἐκ τῆς πίστεως τῆς εἰς Χριστόν. καὶ καθόλου τὰ ἐν τῷ κατηχουμένῳ βίῳ γενόμενα εἰς εὐθύνας οὐκ ἄγεται. τούτους δὲ δηλονότι ἄνευ βαπτίσματος ἡ Ἐκκλησία οὐ παραδέχεται. ὥστε ἀναγκαιότατον ἐπὶ τούτοις τὰ πρεσβεῖα τῆς γενέσεως. Εἰ ἀνὴρ γυναικὶ συνοικῶν, ἐπειδὰν μὴ ἀρκεσθεὶς τῷ γάμῳ εἰς πορνείαν ἐκπέσῃ, πόρνον κρίνομεν τὸν τοιοῦτον, καὶ πλεῖον αὐτὸν παρατείνομεν ἐν τοῖς ἐπιτιμίοις· οὐ μέντοι ἔχομεν κανόνα, τῷ τῆς μοιχείας αὐτὸν ὑπαγαγεῖν ἐγκλήματι, ἐὰν εἰς ἐλευθέραν γάμου ἡ ἁμαρτία γένηται· διότι ἡ μοιχαλὶς μέν, Μιαινομένη, φησί, μιανθήσεται, καὶ οὐκ ἀναστρέψει πρὸς τὸν ἄνδρα αὐτῆς· καὶ Ὁ κατέχων μοιχαλίδα ἄφρων καὶ ἀσεβής. ὁ μέντοι πορνεύσας οὐκ ἀποκλεισθήσεται τῆς πρὸς γυναῖκα ἑαυτοῦ συνοικήσεως. ὥστε ἡ μὲν γυνὴ ἀπὸ πορνείας ἐπανιόντα τὸν ἄνδρα αὐτῆς παραδέξεται, ὁ δὲ ἀνὴρ τὴν μιανθεῖσαν τῶν οἴκων ἑαυτοῦ ἀποπέμψει. καὶ τούτων δὲ ὁ λόγος οὐ ῥᾴδιος· ἡ δὲ συνήθεια οὕτω κεκράτηκε. Τοὺς ἐξ ἁρπαγῆς ἔχοντας γυναῖκας, εἰ μὲν ἄλλοις προμεμνηστευμένας εἶεν ἀφῃρημένοι, οὐ πρότερον χρὴ παραδέχεσθαι, πρὶν ἢ ἀφελέσθαι αὐτῶν, καὶ ἐπʼ ἐξουσίᾳ τῶν ἐξ ἀρχῆς μνηστευσαμένων ποιῆσαι, εἴτε βούλοιντο λαβεῖν αὐτάς, εἴτε ἀποστῆναι· εἰ δὲ σχολάζουσάν τις λάβοι, ἀφαιρεῖσθαι μὲν δεῖ, καὶ τοῖς οἰκείοις ἀποκαθιστᾷν, ἐπιτρέπειν δὲ τῇ γνώμῃ τῶν οἰκείων, εἴτε γονεῖς εἶεν, εἴτε ἀδελφοί, εἴτε οἱτινεσοῦν προεστῶτες τῆς κόρης· κἂν μὲν ἕλωνται αὐτῷ παραδοῦναι, ἵστασθαι τὸ συνοικέσιον· ἐὰν δὲ ἀνανεύσωσι, μὴ βιάζεσθαι. τὸν μέντοι ἐκ διαφθορᾶς εἴτε λαθραίας εἴτε βιαιοτέρας γυναῖκα ἔχοντα ἀνάγκη τὸ τῆς πορνείας ἐπιγνῶναι ἐπιτίμιον. ἔστι δὲ ἐν τέσσαρσιν ἔτεσιν ὡρισμένη τοῖς πορνεύουσιν ἡ ἐπιτίμησις. χρὴ τῷ πρώτῳ ἐκβάλλεσθαι τῶν προσευχῶν, καὶ προσκλαίειν αὐτοὺς τῇ θύρᾳ τῆς ἐκκλησίας· τῷ δευτέρῳ δεχθῆναι εἰς ἀκρόασιν· τῷ τρίτῳ εἰς μετάνοιαν· τῷ τετάρτῳ εἰς σύστασιν μετὰ τοῦ λαοῦ, ἀπεχομένους τῆς προσφορᾶς· εἶτα αὐτοὺς ἐπιτρέπεσθαι τὴν κοινωνίαν τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ. Περὶ δὲ τῶν δύο ἀδελφὰς γαμούντων, ἢ ἀδελφοῖς δυσὶ γαμουμένων, ἐπιστολίδιον ἡμῖν ἐκπεφώνηται, οὗ τὸ ἀντίγραφον ἀπεστείλαμέν σου τῇ εὐλαβείᾳ. ὁ δὲ ἀδελφοῦ ἰδίου γυναῖκα λαβὼν οὐ πρότερον δεχθήσεται πρὶν ἀποστῆναι αὐτῆς. Χήραν, τὴν καταλεγεῖσαν εἰς τὸν ἀριθμὸν τῶν χηρῶν, τουτέστι, τὴν διακονουμένην ὑπὸ τῆς Ἐκκλησίας, ἔκρινεν ὁ ἀπόστολος γαμούμένην παρορᾶσθαι. ἀνδρὶ δὲ χηρεύσαντι οὐδεὶς ἐπίκειται νόμος, ἀλλʼ ἱκανὸν τῷ τοιούτῳ τὸ τῶν διγάμων ἐπιτίμιον. ἡ μέντοι χήρα ἑξηκονταετὴς γεγονυῖα, ἐὰν ἕληται πάλιν ἀνδρὶ συνοικεῖν, οὐ καταξιωθήσεται τῆς τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ κοινωνίας, ἕως ἂν τοῦ πάθους τῆς ἀκαθαρσίας παύσηται. ἐὰν μέντοι πρὸ ἑξήκοντα ἐτῶν ἀριθμήσωμεν αὐτήν, ἡμέτερον τὸ ἔγκλημα, οὐ τοῦ γυναίου. Ὁ τὴν διεφθαρμένην ὑφʼ ἑαυτοῦ εἰς γυναῖκα κατέχων τὸ μὲν ἐπὶ τῇ φθορᾷ ἐπιτίμιον ὑποστήσεται, τὴν δὲ γυναῖκα ἔχειν συγχωρηθήσεται. Ἡ πορνεία γάμος οὐκ ἔστιν· ἀλλʼ οὐδὲ γάμου ἀρχή. ὥστε, ἐὰν ᾖ δυνατὸν τοὺς κατὰ πορνείαν συναπτομένους χωρίζεσθαι, τοῦτο κράτιστον. ἐὰν δὲ στέργωσιν ἐκ παντὸς τρόπου τὸ συνοικέσιον, τὸ μὲν τῆς πορνείας ἐπιτίμιον γνωριζέτωσαν· ἀφιέσθωσαν δέ, ἵνα μὴ χεῖρόν τι γένηται. Περὶ τοῦ πρεσβυτέρου, τοῦ κατʼ ἄγνοιαν ἀθέσμῳ γάμῳ περιπαρέντος, ὥρισα ἃ ἐχρῆν· καθέδρας μὲν μετέχειν, τῶν δὲ λοιπῶν ἐνεργειῶν ἀπέχεσθαι. ἀρκετὸν γὰρ τῷ τοιούτῳ ἡ συγγνώμη. εὐλογεῖν δὲ ἕτερον, τὸν τὰ οἰκεῖα τημελεῖν ὀφείλοντα τραύματα, ἀνακόλουθον. εὐλογία γὰρ ἁγιασμοῦ μετάδοσίς ἐστιν. ὁ δὲ τοῦτο μὴ ἔχων, διὰ τὸ ἐκ τῆς ἀγνοίας παράπτωμα πῶς ἑτέρῳ μεταδώσει; μήτε τοίνυν δημοσίᾳ μήτε ἰδίᾳ εὐλογείτω, μήτε τὸ σῶμα τοῦ Χριστοῦ κατανεμέτω ἑτέροις, μήτε τι ἄλλο λειτουργείτω, ἀλλὰ ἀρκούμενος τῇ προεδρίᾳ προσκλαιέτω τῷ Κυρίῳ, συγχωρηθῆναι αὐτῷ τὸ ἐκ τῆς ἀγνοίας ἀνόμημα. Ἐκεῖνό γε μὴν γελοῖόν μοι κατεφάνη, τὸ εὔξασθαί τινα ὑείων ἀπέχεσθαι κρεῶν. ὥστε καταξίωσον διδάσκειν αὐτοὺς τῶν ἀπαιδεύτων προσευχῶν καὶ ἐπαγγελιῶν ἀπέχεσθαι· τὴν μέντοι χρῆσιν ἀδιάφορον εἶναι συγχώρησον. οὐδὲν γὰρ κτίσμα Θεοῦ ἀπόβλητον μετʼ εὐχαριστίας λαμβανόμενον. ὥστε ἡ εὐχὴ καταγέλαστος, οὐχ ἡ ἀποχὴ ἀναγκαία. Ἄρχοντας μέντοι ὀμνύειν, ἐπὶ τὸ κακοποιεῖν τοὺς ἀρχομένους, καὶ πάνυ θεραπεύεσθαι προσῆκε. θεραπεία δὲ τούτων διττή· μία μέν, μὴ ὀμνύειν αὐτοὺς διδάσκεσθαι προχείρως· ἑτέρα δέ, μὴ ἐπιμένειν ἐν ταῖς πονηραῖς κρίσεσιν. ὥστε ὅρκῳ προληφθείς τις εἰς κακοποιίαν ἑτέρου, τὴν μὲν ἐπὶ τῇ προπετείᾳ τοῦ ὅρκου μετάνοιαν ἐπιδεικνύσθω, μὴ μέντοι προσχήματι εὐλαβείας τὴν πονηρίαν ἑαυτοῦ βεβαιούτω. οὐδὲ γὰρ Ἡρώδῃ συνήνεγκεν εὐορκήσαντι, ὃς ἵνα μὴ ἐπιορκήσῃ δῆθεν, φονεὺς ἐγένετο τοῦ προφήτου. ἅπαξ δὲ ὁ ὅρκος ἀπηγόρευται· πολλῷ δὲ δήπου εἰκὸς τὸν ἐπὶ κακῷ γινόμενον κατακεκρίσθαι. ὥστε μεταφρονεῖν τὸν ὀμνύοντα χρή, οὐχὶ σπουδάζειν βεβαιοῦν ἑαυτοῦ τὸ ἀνόσιον. ἐξέτασον γὰρ πλατύτερον τὴν ἀτοπίαν. εἴ τις ὀμόσειεν ἐνεξορύξειν τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ, εἰ καλὸν τὸ τοιοῦτον εἰς ἔργον ἀγαγεῖν αὐτῷ; εἴ τις φονεύσειν; εἴ τις ὅλως δι’ ὅρκου ἔντολήν τινα παραβήσεσθαι; ὤμοσα γὰρ καὶ ἔστησα, οὐχὶ τὴν ἁμαρτίαν, ἀλλὰ τοῦ φυλάξασθαι τὰ κρίματα τῆς δικαιοσύνης σου. ὥσπερ δὲ τὴν ἐντολὴν ἀμεταθέτοις κρίμασι προσῆκε βεβαιοῦσθαι, οὕτω τὴν ἁμαρτίαν παντοίως καθήκει ἀκυροῦσθαι καὶ ἀφανίζεσθαι. Περὶ τῶν ἁρπαζόντων κανόνα μὲν παλαιὸν οὐκ ἔχομεν, ἰδίαν δὲ γνώμην ἐποιησάμεθα· τρία ἔτη καὶ αὐτοὺς καὶ τοὺς συναρπάζοντας αὐτοῖς ἔξω τῶν εὐχῶν γίνεσθαι. τὸ δὲ μὴ βιαίως γινόμενον ἀνεύθυνόν ἐστιν, ὅταν μὴ φθορὰ ᾖ μηδὲ κλοπὴ ἡγουμένη τοῦ πράγματος. αὐτεξουσία δὲ ἡ χήρα, καὶ ἐπʼ αὐτῇ τὸ ἀκολουθῆσαι. ὥστε τῶν σχημάτων ἡμῖν οὐ φροντιστέον. Ἡ ἀναχωρήσαντος τοῦ ἀνδρὸς καὶ ἀφανοῦς ὄντος, πρὸ τοῦ πεισθῆναι περὶ τοῦ θανάτου αὐτοῦ ἑτέρῳ συνοικήσασα, μοιχᾶται. Οἱ τὴν πρὸς θάνατον ἁμαρτίαν ἁμαρτάνοντες κληρικοὶ τοῦ βαθμοῦ κατάγονται, τῆς κοινωνίας δὲ τῶν λαϊκῶν οὐκ ἐξείργονται· οὐ γὰρ ἐκδικήσεις δὶς ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτό. Ἡ γυνὴ ἡ διὰ τῆς ὁδοῦ κυήσασα καὶ ἀμελήσασα τοῦ κυήματος τῷ τοῦ φόνου ἐγκλήματι ὑποκείσθω. Τὰς μοιχευθείσας γυναῖκας καὶ ἐξαγορευούσας δι’ εὐλάβειαν, ἢ ὁπωσοῦν ἐλεγχομένας, δημοσιεύειν οὐκ ἐκέλευσαν οἱ πατέρες ἡμῶν, ἵνα μὴ θανάτου αἰτίαν παράσχωμεν ἐλεγχθείσαις· ἵστασθαι δὲ αὐτὰς ἄνευ κοινωνίας προσέταξαν μέχρι τοῦ συμπληροῦσθαι τὸν χρόνον τῆς μετανοίας. Ἐπὶ δὲ τοῦ καταλειφθέντος ἀνδρὸς ὑπὸ τῆς γυναικὸς χρὴ σκοπεῖν τὴν αἰτίαν τῆς ἐγκαταλείψεως· κἂν φανῇ ἀλόγως ἀναχωρήσασα, ὁ μὲν συγγνώμης ἐστὶν ἄξιος, ἡ δὲ ἐπιτιμίου. ἡ δὲ συγγνώμη τούτῳ πρὸς τὸ κοινωνεῖν τῇ Ἐκκλησίᾳ δοθήσεται. Στρατιώτιδες, αἱ τῶν ἀνδρῶν ἀφανῶν ὄντων γαμηθεῖσαι, τῷ αὐτῷ ὑπόκεινται λόγῳ, ᾧπερ ἂν καὶ αἱ διὰ τὴν ἀποδημίαν τῶν ἀνδρῶν μὴ ἀναμείνασαι τὴν ἐπάνοδον· πλὴν ἔχει τινὰ συγγνώμην τὸ πρᾶγμα ἐνταῦθα διὰ τὸ μᾶλλον πρὸς θάνατον εἶναι τὴν ὑπόνοιαν. Μετὰ τὸ ἀφαιρεθῆναι τὴν ἀλλοτρίαν ὁ γαμήσας ἐπὶ μὲν τῇ πρώτῃ μοιχείαν ἐγκληθήσεται, ἐπὶ δὲ τῇ δευτέρᾳ ἀνεύθυνος ἔσται. Αἱ κόραι αἱ παρὰ γνώμην πατρὸς ἀκολουθήσασαι πορνεύουσι· διαλλαγέντων δὲ τῶν γονέων, δοκεῖ θεραπείαν λαμβάνειν τὸ γεγονός· οὐκ εὐθὺς δὲ εἰς τὴν κοινωνίαν ἀποκαθίστανται, ἀλλʼ ἐπιτιμηθήσονται τρία ἔτη. Ἡ τῷ μοιχῷ συζῶσα μοιχαλίς ἐστι πάντα τὸν χρόνον. Ἡ παρὰ γνώμην τοῦ δεσπότου ἀνδρὶ ἑαυτὴν ἐκδιδοῦσα ἐπόρνευσεν· ἡ δὲ μετὰ ταῦτα πεπαρρησιασμένῳ γάμῳ χρησαμένη ἐγήματο. ὥστε ἐκεῖνο μὲν πορνεία, τοῦτο δὲ γάμος. αἱ γὰρ συνθῆκαι τῶν ὑπεξουσίων οὐδὲν ἔχουσι βέβαιον. Ἡ ἐν τῇ χηρείᾳ ἑαυτῆς ἐξουσίαν ἔχουσα ἀνδρὶ συνοικεῖν ἀνέγκλητος, εἰ μηδείς ἐστιν ὁ διασπῶν τὸ συνοικέσιον· τοῦ ἀποστόλου εἰπόντος· ἐὰν δὲ ἀποθάνῃ ὁ ἀνήρ, ἐλευθέρα ἐστίν ᾧ θέλει γαμηθῆναι· μόνον ἐν Κυρίῳ. Οἱ ἄνευ τῶν κρατούντων γάμοι πορνεῖαί εἰσιν. οὔτε οὖν πατρὸς ζῶντος, οὔτε δεσπότου, οἱ συνιόντες ἀνεύθυνοί εἰσιν. ὡς ἐὰν ἐπινεύσωσιν οἱ κύριοι τὴν συνοίκησιν, τότε λαμβάνει τὸ τοῦ γάμου βέβαιον. Ὃς θανάτου πληγὴν τῷ πλησίον ἔδωκε φονεύς ἐστιν, εἴτε ἦρξε τῆς πληγῆς εἴτε ἠμύνατο. Ἡ διάκονος ἡ τῷ Ἕλληνι συμπορνεύσασα δεκτή ἐστιν εἰς μετάνοιαν, εἰς δὲ τὴν προσφορὰν δεχθήσεται τῷ ἑβδόμῳ ἔτει, δηλονότι, ἐν ἁγνείᾳ ζῶσα. ὁ δὲ μετὰ τὴν πίστιν Ἕλλην πάλιν τῇ ἱεροσυλίᾳ προσιών, ἐπὶ τὸν ἔμετον ὑποστρέφει. ἡμεῖς δὲ τῆς διακόνου τὸ σῶμα, ὡς καθιερωμένον, οὐκέτι ἐπιτρέπομεν ἐν χρήσει εἶναι σαρκικῇ. Ἐάν τις τὸ ὄνομα λαβὼν τοῦ Χριστιανισμοῦ, ἐνυβρίζῃ τὸν Χριστόν, οὐδὲν ὄφελος αὐτῷ ἀπὸ τῆς προσηγορίας. Ἡ δὲ τῷ καταλειφθέντι πρὸς καιρὸν παρὰ τῆς γυναικὸς κατὰ ἄγνοιαν γημαμένη, εἶτα ἀφεθεῖσα διὰ τὸ ἐπανελθεῖν πρὸς αὐτὸν τὴν προτέραν, ἐπόρνευσε μέν, ἐν ἀγνοίᾳ δέ. γάμου οὖν οὐκ εἰρχθήσεται. κάλλιον δέ, ἐὰν μείνῃ οὕτως. Ἐγκρατῖται καὶ Σακκοφόροι καὶ Ἀποτακτῖται τῷ αὐτῷ οὐχ ὑπόκεινται λόγῳ, ᾧ καὶ Ναυατιανοί, ὅτι περὶ μὲν ἐκείνων κανὼν ἐξεφωνήθη, εἰ καὶ διάφορος· τὰ δὲ κατὰ τούτους ἀποσεσιώπηται. ἡμεῖς μέντοι ἑνὶ λόγῳ ἀναβαπτίζομεν τοὺς τοιούτους. εἰ δὲ παρʼ ὑμῖν ἀπηγόρευται τὸ τοῦ ἀναβαπτισμοῦ, ὥσπερ οὖν καὶ παρὰ Ῥωμαίοις, οἰκονομίας τινὸς ἕνεκα, ἀλλʼ ὁ ἡμέτερος λόγος ἰσχὺν ἐχέτω. ὅτι ἐπειδὴ ὥσπερ Μαρκιωνιστῶν ἐστιν ἀποβλάστημα ἡ κατʼ αὐτοὺς αἵρεσις, βδελυσσομένων τὸν γάμον, καὶ ἀποστρεφομένων τὸν οἶνον, καὶ τὴν κτίσιν τοῦ Θεοῦ μεμιασμένην εἶναι λεγόντων, οὐ δεχόμεθα αὐτοὺς εἰς τὴν Ἐκκλησίαν, ἐὰν μὴ βαπτισθῶσιν εἰς τὸ ἡμέτερον βάπτισμα. μὴ γὰρ λεγέτωσαν ὅτι Εἰς Πατέρα καὶ Υἱὸν καὶ ἅγιον Πνεῦμα ἐβαπτίσθημεν, οἵ γε κακῶν ποιητὴν ὑποτιθέμενοι τὸν Θεόν, ἐφαμίλλως τῷ Μαρκίωνι καὶ ταῖς λοιπαῖς αἱρέσεσιν. ὥστε, ἐὰν ἀρέσῃ τοῦτο, δεῖ πλείονας ἐπισκόπους ἐν ταὐτῷ γενέσθαι καὶ οὕτως ἐκθέσθαι τὸν κανόνα, ἵνα καὶ τῷ ποιήσαντι τὸ ἀκίνδυνον ᾖ καὶ ὁ ἀποκρινόμενος τὸ ἀξιόπιστον ἔχῃ ἐν τῇ περὶ τῶν τοιούτων ἀποκρίσει. Ἡ δὲ ἐγκαταλειφθεῖσα παρὰ τοῦ ἀνδρός, κατὰ τὴν ἐμὴν γνώμην, μένειν ὀφείλει. εἰ γὰρ ὁ Κύριος εἶπεν, ὅτι Ἐάν τις καταλίπῃ γυναῖκα ἐκτὸς λόγου πορνείας, ποιεῖ αὐτὴν μοιχᾶσθαι, ἐκ τοῦ μοιχαλίδα αὐτὴν ὀνομάσαι ἀπέκλεισεν αὐτὴν τῆς πρὸς ἕτερον κοινωνίας. πῶς γὰρ δύναται ὁ μὲν ἀνὴρ ὑπεύθυνος εἶναι, ὡς μοιχείας αἴτιος, ἡ δὲ γυνὴ ἀνέγκλητος εἶναι, ἡ μοιχαλὶς παρὰ τοῦ Κυρίου διὰ τὴν πρὸς ἕτερον ἄνδρα κοινωνίαν προσαγορευθεῖσα; Αἱ πρὸς ἀνάγκην γενόμεναι φθοραὶ ἀνεύθυνοι ἔστωσαν. ὥστε καὶ ἡ δούλη, εἰ ἐβιάσθη παρὰ τοῦ οἰκείου δεσπότου, ἀνεύθυνός ἐστιν. Τριγαμίας νόμος οὐκ ἔστιν. ὥστε νόμῳ γάμος τρίτος οὐκ ἄγεται. τὰ μέντοι τοιαῦτα ὡς ῥυπάσματα τῆς Ἐκκλησίας ὁρῶμεν· δημοσίαις δὲ καταδίκαις οὐχ ὑποβάλλομεν, ὡς τῆς ἀνειμένης πορνείας αἱρετώτερα.