Letter 275: Theodore Studite, Letter 275; Greek heading: Πάπᾳ Ἀλεξανδρείασ.

To the father of fathers most holy in all things, luminary of luminaries, my lord and most blessed Pope of Alexandria [the title pope/papas was used of the patriarch of Alexandria], Theodore, the least of presbyters and abbot of the monastery of Stoudios. It is the greatest gift to my lowliness, and a work of the loftiest prayer, that I should be counted worthy through a letter to come into conversation with your apostolic eminence [literally 'head/summit']; not only on account of the worthlessness of my littleness, for which even to write to equals is beyond my measure, let alone to so great and divine a head, but also on account of the journey across so vast a distance, hindered as it most especially is by the barrier of the heathen [the lands then under Arab rule lay between Constantinople and Alexandria]. Nevertheless, by the good pleasure of the supremely good God, it has come about for me on account of two things. The first, that I, the sinner, might fulfill the longing I have long held, through a spiritual touching of your sacred footsteps (for otherwise it was not possible that my heart's desire should be fulfilled); the second, which is even more pressing, that I might make better known the dreadful things that have come upon us here to your most divine eminence, as to one who suffers together with the members of the whole body of the Church; things which, as I think, have been heard of even to the ends of the world because of the notoriety of the wickedness. A persecution has overtaken us, O most blessed one, and the heaviest of persecutions. For of old Ahab, seeking Elijah the prophet, is said to have set every place ablaze, the burning showing forth the rage of the impious man; but now the one like Ahab, in both his rank and his heart, seeks out not Elijah alone there inscribed, but also Elijah's Master, Jesus Christ, our Lord and God, the Theotokos [the God-bearer, the Virgin Mary], and every saint; and finding them he makes them vanish with great rage out of every city and region under his hand. Hence altars are dug up, churches of the Lord made useless, both in private houses and in the universal church, both in houses of men and in houses of virgins, both the old and the newly built; a pitiable sight, that, just as one looks upon men disfigured, monstrous things, so the churches of God are to be seen stripped of their proper adornment and standing without form. Who has heard or seen such a thing among those who committed impiety of old? Perhaps the Arab who presses upon you [the Muslim rulers of Egypt], using forbearance, proceeds more lovingly toward Christ in this matter, but not our own Tabeel [an allusion to Isaiah 7:6, 'the son of Tabeel,' a contemptuous name here for the emperor]. Spare us, O Lord, and do not give over your inheritance utterly to reproach! He burns the figures upon panels, those upon sacred votive offerings, the tablets that record memorials concerning them; he scoffs, he makes a comedy, he tears to pieces, as abominations, as things hateful to God, the things beloved of God and salvific for the world. Oh, who would not let fall a tear? Who would not loose a groan, sent up from the depth of the heart? The roads of Zion mourn because there are none who travel them in piety. And indeed all have turned aside, together they have become useless; those who seem to exercise the priestly office and the priests, monks and laymen mixed together, every kind and every age: some utterly shipwrecked concerning the faith, others, even if not sunk in their reasonings, yet half-imperiled, sharing the danger through heretical communion, out of fear of bodily death. Except that there are some left over who have not bowed the knee to Baal, and as many as have also been numbered by the Lord; before all, the foremost man, our sacred head and one of equal rank with your perfection [a reference to Patriarch Nikephoros of Constantinople, deposed in 815], hierarchs and priests of the Lord, monks and nuns. Of these, some have received a trial of mockings and scourges, others of bonds and prison, fed with meager bread and water; others confined in exiles, others living in deserts and mountains and caves and the holes of the earth; and some, after being scourged on the spot, have gone home to the Lord as martyrs. And there are those who, sewn into sacks, were cast into the sea at dead of night, as has become clear from those who saw them. Why speak of the rest? Our holy fathers are anathematized, those who have committed impiety are proclaimed; the little children are brought up in the doctrines of impiety by the volume given to the teachers. There is nowhere any refuge of safety in the inhabited world; it is not possible to put forth any pious word, and the hunt is close at hand, so that a man must guard himself even from his own bedfellow. Informers and note-bearers [those who hand over written denunciations] have been hired by the ruler for this very purpose: wherever anyone might say something displeasing to Caesar, or be no partaker in the impiety, or have a book concerning icons containing something so spoken of -- that is, an icon itself; or if he be caught receiving one driven into exile, or ministering to those imprisoned for the Lord's sake, at once he is seized, beaten, banished; from which masters too fall under their slaves, out of fear of denunciation. It befits us to say that there is in this season neither ruler nor prophet nor leader, no place to offer fruit before the Lord and find mercy. For this reason we, the unworthy, have cried out these things to your holy soul, as from the mouth of all who hold fast to the truth, calling it forth to our aid and compassion; for we know that, even if it is not possible to give help in any other way, yet by the aid of your prayers it will furnish us great benefit in our most pressing necessities, since it has God favorable. And that you might know in part what kind of things the impious doctrines of the godless are, I have sent together with this letter these things also, in quires; which I, the unlearned, also thought to refute, having been urged on by pious men. And I ask, by your divine magnanimity, that they be examined and what is deficient be set right, and that you receive me with pardon for my debts, and that I be taken into remembrance in your God-inclined prayers as a useless child.

Τῷ τὰ πάντα ἁγιωτάτῳ πατρὶ πατέρων, φωστῆρι φωστήρων, κυρίῳ μου δεσπότῃ μακαριωτάτῳ πάπᾳ Ἀλεξανδρείας, Θεόδωρος ἐλάχιστος πρεσβύτερος καὶ ἡγούμενος τῶν Στουδίου. Ὡς μέγιστον τῇ ἐμῇ ταπεινώσει δῶρον καὶ εὐχῆς τῆς ἀνωτάτω ἔργον διὰ γράμματος ἀξιωθῆναι εἰς ὁμιλίαν ἐλθεῖν τῆς ἀποστολικῆς σου κορυφῆς, οὐ μόνον διὰ τὸ εὐτελὲς τῆς σμικρότητός μου, ἧς καὶ τὸ πρὸς ἴσους γράφειν ἐνδεές, μὴ ὅτι γε πρὸς οὕτω μεγάλην καὶ θείαν κεφαλήν, ἀλλὰ γὰρ καὶ διὰ τὴν ἐν τοσούτῳ μακρυσμῷ πάροδον, τῇ ἐθνικῇ ὅτι μάλιστα εἰργομένην διατειχίσει. ὅμως εὐδοκίᾳ τοῦ ὑπεραγάθου θεοῦ ἐξεγένετό μοι δυοῖν εἵνεκα, ἑνὸς μέν, ὡς ἂν ἣν πάλαι εἶχον ἐπιθυμίαν ὁ ἁμαρτωλὸς ἀποπληρώσω διὰ νοερᾶς προσψαύσεως τῶν ἱερῶν σου ἰχνῶν (οὐδὲ γὰρ ἄλλως ἦν δυνατὸν τὸ καταθύμιον πληρωθῆναι), ἑτέρου δέ, ὃ καὶ μᾶλλον κατεπεῖγον, πρὸς τὸ γνωριμώτερα παραστῆσαι τὰ ἐπελθόντα δεινὰ ἐνταῦθα τῇ θειοτάτῃ σου κορυφῇ ὡς συμπασχούσῃ τοῖς τοῦ ὅλου σώματος τῆς ἐκκλησίας μέλεσιν· ἃ ἐξήκουσται, ὡς οἶμαι, καὶ εἰς τὰ ἔσχατα τῆς οἰκουμένης διὰ τὸ τῆς κακίας περιβόητον. Διωγμὸς κατείληφεν ἡμᾶς, ὦ μακαριώτατε, καὶ διωγμῶν ὁ βαρύτατος. πάλαι μὲν οὖν Ἀχαάβ, ζητῶν Ἠλίαν τὸν προφήτην, πάντα τόπον ἐμπρῆσαι λέγεται, τοῦ ἐμπρησμοῦ τὸν θυμὸν τοῦ ἀσεβοῦς ὑποφαίνοντος· νυνὶ δὲ ὁ Ἀχααβίτης καὶ τὴν ἀξίαν καὶ τὴν καρδίαν οὐ τὸν Ἠλιοῦ μόνον ἐγγεγραμμένον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸν τούτου δεσπότην Ἰησοῦν Χριστόν, τὸν Κύριον καὶ θεὸν ἡμῶν, τὴν Θεοτόκον καὶ πάντα ἅγιον ζητῶν ἐκζητεῖ καὶ εὑρὼν ἐξαφανίζει θυμῷ μεγάλῳ ἐκ πάσης πόλεως καὶ χώρας τῆς ὑπὸ χεῖρα. ἐντεῦθεν θυσιαστήρια κατεσκαμμένα, ναοὶ Κυρίου ἠχρειωμένοι καὶ κατ' οἴκους καὶ καθολικῶς καὶ ἐν ἀνδρῶσι καὶ ἐν παρθενῶσιν, οἱ πάλαι, οἱ νεωστὶ ἐγηγερμένοι· ἐλεεινὸν θέαμα, ὥσπερ ἐξοψισθέντας ἀνθρώπους, τέρατά τινα, οὕτως τὰς τοῦ θεοῦ ἐκκλησίας βλέπειν ἀφῃρημένας τὸν οἰκεῖον κόσμον καὶ ἀμορφώτους καθεστώσας. τίς ἤκουσε τοιοῦτον ἢ ἑώρακεν ἐν τοῖς πάλαι ἀσεβήσασι; τάχα ὁ ἐπικείμενος ὑμῖν Ἄραψ αἰδοῖ χρώμενος φιλοχριστότερον διέξεισιν ἐν τούτῳ, ἀλλ' οὐχ ὁ ἡμέτερος Ταβεήλ· φεῖσαι, Κύριε, καὶ μὴ δῷς τέλεον τὴν κληρονομίαν σου εἰς ὄνειδος. καίει τοὺς ἐν πίναξι χαρακτῆρας, τοὺς ἐν ἱεροῖς ἀναθήμασι, δέλτους τὰς ὑπομνηματιζούσας περὶ αὐτῶν, σκώπτει, κωμῳδεῖ, διασύρει ὡς βδελύγματα, ὡς θεοστυγῆ, τὰ θεοφιλῆ καὶ κόσμου σωτήρια. Ὤ, τίς οὐκ ἐπιστάξειεν δάκρυον; τίς οὐκ ἀφήσει στεναγμόν, ἐκ βάθους καρδίας ἀναπεμπόμενον; ὁδοὶ Σιὼν πενθοῦσι παρὰ τὸ μὴ εἶναι τοὺς εὐσεβῶς διοδεύοντας. καί γε πάντες ἐξέκλιναν, ἅμα ἠχρειώθησαν· ἱεραρχεῖν δοκοῦντες καὶ ἱερεῖς, μονασταὶ καὶ μιγάδες, πᾶν γένος καὶ πᾶσα ἡλικία, οἱ μὲν τέλεον ναυαγήσαντες περὶ τὴν πίστιν, οἱ δέ, εἰ καὶ τοὺς λογισμοὺς οὐ καταποντισθέντες, τῇ δὲ αἱρετικῇ κοινωνίᾳ ἐξ ἡμισείας δέει σωματικοῦ θανάτου συγκινδυνεύοντες. πλὴν ὅτι εἰσὶν ὑπολελειμμένοι οἵτινες οὐκ ἔκαμψαν γόνυ τῇ Βαάλ, καὶ τοσοῦτοι, ὁπόσοι καὶ ἠρίθμηνται Κυρίῳ· πρὸ πάντων ὁ πρώτι στος, ἡ ἱερὰ ἡμῶν κεφαλὴ καὶ ὁμοταγὴς τῇ τελειότητί σου, ἱεράρχαι καὶ ἱερεῖς Κυρίου, μονασταὶ καὶ μονάζουσαι. τούτων οἱ μὲν ἐμπαιγμῶν καὶ μαστίγων πεῖραν ἔλαβον, οἱ δὲ δεσμῶν καὶ φυλακῆς, ἄρτῳ μετρίῳ καὶ ὕδατι τρεφόμενοι, ἄλλοι ἐξορίαις περιορισθέντες, ἕτεροι ἐν ἐρημίαις καὶ ὄρεσι καὶ σπηλαίοις καὶ ταῖς ὀπαῖς τῆς γῆς ἐνδιαιτώμενοι· ἔνιοι δὲ καὶ παραυτὰ μαστιγωθέντες μαρτυρικῶς πρὸς Κύριον ἐνεδήμησαν. εἰσὶ δὲ οἳ καὶ σακκισθέντες ἐθαλασσεύθησαν ἀωρίᾳ, ὡς σαφὲς γέγονεν ἐκ τῶν τούτους θεασαμένων. Τί τἆλλα; ἀναθεματίζονται οἱ ἅγιοι ἡμῶν πατέρες, ἀνακηρύττονται οἱ ἠσεβηκότες· τὰ νήπια ἐν τοῖς τῆς ἀσεβείας δόγμασιν ἀνατρέφονται τῷ δοθέντι τόμῳ τοῖς διδασκάλοις. οὐκ ἔστι που καταφευκτήριον σώσματος ἐν οἰκουμένοις· οὐκ ἔστι προέσθαι εὐσεβές τι ῥῆμα, καὶ ἡ θήρα ἐγγύθεν, ὡς φυλάττεσθαι ἄνθρωπον καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς συγκοίτου. μηνυταὶ καὶ πιττακοδόται εἰς αὐτὸ τοῦτο παρὰ τοῦ κρατοῦντος μεμισθωμένοι, ποῦ τίς τι λέγοι ἀπαρέσκον τῷ Καίσαρι ἢ μὴ κοινωνὸν τῇ ἀσεβείᾳ ἢ βίβλον ἔχων περὶ εἰκόνων ἔχουσάν τι λεγόμενον, ἤγουν αὐτὴν εἰκόνα· ἄν τε φυγαδευόμενον εἰσδεχόμενος ἢ τοῖς διὰ Κύριον φρουρουμένοις διακονῶν κἂν φωραθείη, εὐθὺς ἀνάρπαστος, δαρήσιμος, ἐξόριστος, ἐξ οὗ καὶ τοῖς δούλοις οἱ δεσπόται ὑποπίπτοντες δέει μηνύσεως. ἡμῖν πρέπει λέγειν ὅτι οὐκ ἔστιν ἐν τῷ καιρῷ τούτῳ ἄρχων οὔτε προφήτης οὔτε ἡγούμενος, οὐ τόπος τοῦ καρπῶσαι ἐνώπιον Κυρίου καὶ εὑρεῖν ἔλεος. Διὰ τοῦτο ταῦτα ἐπεβοησάμεθα οἱ ἀνάξιοι τῇ ἁγίᾳ σου ψυχῇ ὡς ἀπὸ στόματος πάντων τῶν ἀντεχομένων τῆς ἀληθείας, εἰς ἀντίληψιν καὶ συμπάθειαν ἡμῶν ἐκκαλούμενοι αὐτήν· οἴδαμεν γὰρ ὅτι, κἂν μὴ οἷόν τε ἐπικουρεῖν ἄλλως, ἀλλά γε τῇ τῶν εὐχῶν βοηθείᾳ μέγα παρέξει ἡμῖν ἐν τοῖς ἀναγκαιοτάτοις τὸ ὄφελος, εὐμενῆ τὸν θεὸν ἔχουσα. ἵνα δὲ γνοίη ἐκ μέρους οἷα τὰ ἀσεβῆ δόγματα τῶν ἀθέων, συναπέστειλα τοῖς γράμμασι καὶ ταῦτα ἐν τετραδίοις· ἃ καὶ ἔδοξα ὁ ἀμαθὴς ἀνατρέπειν, προτραπεὶς παρὰ εὐσεβῶν. αἰτῶ δὲ ὑπὸ τῆς θείας σου μεγαλονοίας ἐπισκεφθῆναι καὶ τὸ ἐλλιπὲς ἀνορθωθῆναι καὶ συγγνώμην τῶν ἐπωφλημένων δέξασθαί με, λαμβάνεσθαί τε εἰς μνήμην ἐν ταῖς θεοκλινέσιν αὐτῆς προσευχαῖς ὡς ἀχρεῖον τέκνον.