Letter 53: Theodore Studite, Letter 53; Greek heading: Στεφάνῳ ἀναγνώστῃ καὶ τοῖς σὺν αὐτῷ.

I have received the letter of your God-zealous charity, written to me, by its superscription from one person, but in effect from several persons. Whether, then, it be from one or from many, I am bound, having been asked, to render a worthy reply so far as is possible to my ignorance. And this is my first point: that of those things with which I was serenaded by your much-praised tongue, I am a stranger to such praises, being a sinner and possessing a life that has been left unset-right. But if anything has been accomplished, it is the gift of God: granted through the prayer of the father who begot me in the spirit [Theodore's monastic mentor], and to be preserved unharmed for the time to come through your supplications, you who are lovers of piety. Second, I do not know how I shall make my reply, since the question has not been put forward clearly; on the whole I have reckoned that the matter in question revolves around Tarasius, who held the patriarchate [Tarasius, Patriarch of Constantinople 784-806]. I, then, even long ago, was not unconcerned about the matter set before me, having turned it over much within myself and reviewed the outcomes of these affairs. And indeed I hold in praise and in a word of approval those who stand firm for the good and have suffered hardship for many years; not, however, altogether so, as I am coming to make clear. And I do desire to acquire as fellow-minded (for how could I not?) such manly men, proven in piety; but together with the word of truth and with the possible and fitting capacity. Therefore here is what I would say: what is it that makes the difference for you with respect to Tarasius? His faith? But as far as appears, he was orthodox, having followed the holy councils and having been of one mind with the other patriarchs, having struggled especially for the faith in the earlier time. Was it his receiving of those who returned from heresy? But this too was not innovated by him; for it was received in three ways by the holy fathers: either through re-baptism, as in the case of the Pepuzenes [the Montanists, named after their settlement Pepouza]; or through anointing with chrism, as in the case of the Arians; or through anathematizing of one's own opinion, as in the case of the Nestorians. Was it the ordination performed for money, which of necessity falls under deposition? Yes, this is wholly true; and indeed at that time shepherds appeared as grievous wolves, altars were torn down, divine relics were dishonored, sacred books were burned. What more? The very icon [eikon, the sacred image] of Christ, along with other most venerable ones, was outraged and trampled underfoot. And who could recount briefly things that require a long history? But what then? That the one who afterward became the prelate, having advanced too quickly from the secular sphere to the dignity of the hierarchy, did not prove able to fight sufficiently on behalf of the Spirit. From this came the scandals; from there too the things now causing disturbance have taken their cause. You, then, know how matters stand between you and him. But we, since we were hearing that, in the matter of those ordained for money, he did not admit them to communion (even if it was not so supposed), considered concord with him to be advantageous, for the good of peace; since the Theologian [Gregory of Nazianzus] also says that, as long as it was possible, one must incline toward this [peace]. And where the grievance is mere suspicion, agreement is better than self-willedness. And neither do we drag you down against your conscience, nor should you yourselves demand of us a discernment that is not clear to us, since person and time and experience cause those to differ who have not arrived in the same way at the same circumstances. But what is this stepping back to the divine Germanus [Germanus I, Patriarch of Constantinople 715-730], and this seeking by all means to derive ordination from there? For what of the three heretics in between [the iconoclast patriarchs between Germanus and Tarasius]? There is no one who was not ordained by them, or from those ordained by them, the ordination being passed down in succession all the way to Tarasius. How many from the east and west and north and from the sea have come in the meantime and have been joined through communion to the Church among us, being consecrated clergy? And how many were at that time ordained without money and have ordained others, even if they held heretical views? All these things belong to God alone to know, and not to a human being to assert with certainty, and on this account to suppose all of them deposed. But since we are human beings, as human beings, I beseech you, let us look at the facts. Because a human being looks upon the face, but God upon the heart, and let only the confession made through the mouth be demanded, when it is not manifestly false; in accordance with which Tarasius too received ordination, on which basis the zealots and the exact ones of that time both came together with Tarasius and were of one mind with him, even if shortly after the council they fell into dispute with him over the receiving, in their judgment, of ordination for money, and over certain other questions. If this, then, seems to be well to you also, we shall proceed to what follows; for these things will be spoken of also from Tarasius down to the present. But what is the conclusion? It is to partake of the sacraments from any priest who is beyond reproach, according to the Theologian and Chrysostom. For the one [Gregory the Theologian] says: let everyone be trustworthy to you for the cleansing, only let him be one of those approved and not openly condemned, nor of those alien to the faith; and the other [John Chrysostom] says: inquire carefully, examine closely; for communion undertaken without examination is not free from danger. For the danger concerns great matters. Let us therefore seek out and examine carefully the one from whom we ought to receive communion: whether he confesses the right faith; whether he has not been ordained for money; whether nothing else among the suspected and reported failings of his life is true. But if it be that he has his ordination derived from such-and-such a person, whether from a heretic or from one ordained for money, while he himself is neither a heretic nor knowingly ordained by one who took money, that is, by a Simonian [a practitioner of simony, after Simon Magus], but nevertheless confesses the whole truth, namely that he keeps the faith and the canons inviolate, and rejects those who in both respects have transgressed - then we have no ground for abstaining from communion with him; for such a man is not condemned according to the aforementioned holy fathers, and through them according to all. Thus, then, we do indeed have communion, and we have counseled you to do the same, if indeed we are heeded. For if there be more thorough investigation, then, as has been shown, the injunctions of the fathers are rejected, and the gift of the priesthood - that by which we have the name of being called Christians - fails to such a degree that we fall away into pagan worship (which would be absurd); and besides, those who are exact in this way will not find what they seek even by going to west and east, since all would be cleansed retroactively through the mutual concelebration; for manifestly the legates sent from these parts concelebrated with the prelate of the Romans [the Pope] in the time of Tarasius, and those in turn perhaps concelebrated with the clergy of the East, and from this the things of the priesthood are gone. Having refused this, we shall by all means consent to stand within the measure aforesaid, according to the holy fathers. For many such transgressions have occurred and do occur in the Church, which no one of the holy fathers has been found to have investigated in this manner (for it is not even possible), nor indeed has he handed it down for us to observe. So these matters stand thus. But as to your saying that your stand against the adultery-confirming council [the synod of 809 under Patriarch Nicephorus, which the Stoudites opposed for restoring the priest Joseph who had blessed Emperor Constantine VI's second marriage] is more important to us than the matter discussed above, I was astonished to hear it; for it is more to be preferred to the degree that the Lord's word is preferred to an apostolic utterance. And I do not yet say that Tarasius did not proclaim that men should be ordained for money, but on the contrary professed not to receive such men, as far as appeared. But here a dogma has been proclaimed synodically against the Gospel and against the Forerunner [John the Baptist] and against the canons, through the receiving of the one who joined the adulterous union, confirming the transgression as a 'dispensation' [oikonomia, the practice of accommodation for the sake of the greater good], and granting that the hierarchs and priests may, whenever they wish, have authority over the canons, and anathematizing and casting out as cursed those who do not think the same way, as you know. This, even if it is a second iconoclast heresy, is nonetheless no less than the first to those who view it piously. May the Lord by their prayers take away the evil and dispense peace, as from the beginning, to His Church. Only, as you have written, the one is struck by the other, and the recognition and resolution of the lawlessly bound deed are reciprocal. May the Lord preserve you in strength, and praying for our lowliness, with all your household, O foremost of friends and mightiest of zealots.

Γράμματα ἐδεξάμην τῆς θεοζήλου ἀγάπης σου, τῇ μὲν ἐπιγραφῇ ἐξ ἑνός, τῇ δὲ δυνάμει ἐκ διαφόρων μοι προσώπων ἐπεσταλμένα. εἴτε γοῦν ἐξ ἑνὸς εἴτε ἐκ πλειόνων, ὀφειλέτης εἰμὶ ἐρωτηθείς, καθ' ὅσον οἷόν τε τῇ ἀμαθίᾳ μου, ἀξιόλογον τὴν ἀπόκρισιν ἀποδοῦναι. ἐκεῖνο δέ μοι πρῶτον, ὅτι, ὧν κατεπᾳδόμην παρὰ τῆς πολυυμνήτου γλώττης σου, ξένος ἐγὼ ἐπαίνων, ἁμαρτωλὸς ὑπάρχων καὶ ἀκατόρθωτον τὸν βίον κεκτημένος. εἰ δέ τι γέγονεν, θεοῦ τὸ δῶρον, διὰ μὲν τῆς τοῦ γεννήσαντός με πνεύματι πατρὸς εὐχῆς κεχαρισμένον, δι' ὑμῶν δὲ τῶν τῆς εὐσεβείας ἐραστῶν ἱκετηρίας πρὸς τὸ ἑξῆς φυλαχθησόμενον ἀπήμαντον. δεύτερον, οὐκ οἶδ' ὅπως τὴν ἐξηγορίαν ποιήσομαι, μὴ εὐκρινῶς προαχθείσης τῆς πεύσεως· ὅλως τὸ ζητούμενον εἰς Ταράσιον τὸν πατριαρχήσαντα περιίστασθαι ὑπολελόγισμαι. Ἐγὼ μὲν οὖν καὶ ἔκπαλαι περὶ τοῦ προταθέντος οὐκ ἀμελῶς ἔσχον, πολλὰ συστραφεὶς ἐν ἐμαυτῷ καὶ ἀναθεωρήσας τῶν πραγμάτων τὰς ἐκβάσεις. καὶ μέντοι καὶ τοὺς ὑπὲρ τοῦ καλοῦ ἐνισταμένους καὶ πολλοῖς χρόνοις τληπαθήσαντας ἐν ἐπαίνῳ καὶ ἀποδοχῆς λόγῳ ἔχω, οὐ μὴν παντάπασιν, ὡς δηλώσων ἔρχομαι. καὶ τὸ κτήσασθαι ὁμογνώμονας ἐφίεμαι (πῶς γὰρ οὔ;) τηλικούτους ἀνδρικοὺς ἐπ' εὐσεβείᾳ δεδειγμένους, ἀλλὰ μετὰ τοῦ τῆς ἀληθείας λόγου καὶ τῆς ἐνδεχομένης καὶ προσηκούσης δυνάμεως. Τοιγαροῦν ὧδε φαίημι· τί τὸ τὴν διαφορὰν πρὸς Ταράσιον ποιοῦν ὑμῖν; πίστις; καὶ ὅσον ἐκ τοῦ προφανοῦς ὀρθόδοξος, ταῖς τε ἁγίαις συνόδοις ἠκολουθηκὼς καὶ ὁμοφρονήσας τοῖς ἄλλοις πατριάρχαις, ἀγωνισάμενος μάλιστα ὑπὲρ πίστεως τὸ πρότερον. ἡ τῶν ἐξ αἱρέσεως ὑποστρεψάντων παραδοχή; καὶ οὐχ ὑπ' αὐτοῦ καινοτομηθεῖσα· πρὸς γὰρ τῶν ἁγίων πατέρων, τριχῶς παραδεχομένων, ἢ διὰ ἀναβαπτισμοῦ, ὡς ἡ τῶν Πεπουζηνῶν, ἢ διὰ χρίσεως μύρου, ὡς ἡ τῶν Ἀρειανῶν, ἢ διὰ ἀναθεματισμοῦ τῆς οἰκείας δόξης, ὡς ἡ τῶν Νεστοριανῶν. ἡ ἐν χρήμασι χειροτονία, ἥτις ὑποπίπτει κατὰ τὸ ἀναγκαῖον καθαιρέσει; ναί, πανάληθες· καὶ γοῦν τηνικαῦτα ποιμένες λύκοι βαρεῖς ὤφθησαν, κατεσκάφη θυσιαστήρια, ἠτιμώθη θεῖα λείψανα, βίβλοι ἱεραὶ ἐνεπρήσθησαν. τί πλέον; αὐτὴ ἡ εἰκὼν τοῦ Χριστοῦ πρὸς ἄλλαις σεπτοτάταις ἐνύβριστο καὶ κατεπεπάτητο. καὶ τίς ἂν ἐν ὀλίγῳ διεξέλθοι τὰ μακρᾶς ἱστορίας δεόμενα; ἀλλὰ τί; ὅτι ὁ μετέπειτα πρόεδρος, ἐκ τῆς κοσμικῆς ὕλης θᾶττον εἰς τὸ τῆς ἱεραρχίας ἀξίωμα προβάς, οὐχ οἷός τε γέγονεν ὑπερμαχῆσαι ἱκανῶς τοῦ πνεύματος. ἐντεῦθεν τὰ σκάνδαλα, ἐκεῖθεν καὶ τὰ ἤδη ταράττοντα τὴν αἰτίαν εἴληφεν. Ὑμεῖς μὲν οὖν, ὅπως τὰ πρὸς αὐτὸν ἔχοιτε, ἴστε. ἡμεῖς δέ, ἐπειδὴ ἐν τῷ μέρει τῶν ἐν χρήμασι χειροτονηθέντων ἠκούομεν παρ' αὐτοῦ μὴ προσίεσθαι αὐτοὺς εἰς κοινωνίαν, κἂν οὐχ οὕτως ὑπενοεῖτο, συμφέρον ἡγησάμεθα διὰ τὸ τῆς εἰρήνης καλὸν τὴν πρὸς αὐτὸν ὁμόνοιαν· ἐπείπερ φησὶ καὶ ὁ Θεολόγος, ἕως ἐξῆν, ἀποκλιτέον πρὸς ταύτην. καὶ οὗ τὸ λυποῦν ὑπόνοια, βέλτιον τῆς αὐθαδείας ἡ συγκατάθεσις. καὶ οὔτε ἡμεῖς καθέλκομεν ὑμᾶς τῆς συνειδήσεως, μηδ' αὐτοὶ ἀπαιτοίητε ἡμᾶς τῆς οὐ προφανοῦς ἡμῖν διαγνώσεως, ἐπειδὴ καὶ πρόσωπον καὶ χρόνος καὶ πεῖρα διαλλάττειν ποιεῖ τοὺς μὴ ἐπὶ τῶν αὐτῶν ὡσαύτως φθάσαντας. Ἀλλὰ τίς ὁ πρὸς τὸν θεῖον Γερμανὸν ἀναποδισμὸς καὶ τὸ ἐκεῖθεν ἐκ παντὸς ζητεῖν τὴν χειροτονίαν; τί γὰρ καὶ οἱ ἐν μέσῳ τρεῖς αἱρετικοί; οὐκ ἔστιν τις μὴ ὑπ' αὐτῶν χειροτονηθεὶς ἢ ἐκ τῶν πρὸς αὐτῶν χειροτονηθέντων, κατὰ κάθοδον μέχρι Ταρασίου ἀμειβομένης τῆς χειροτονίας. πόσοι ἐξ ἀνατολῶν καὶ δυσμῶν καὶ βορρᾶ καὶ θαλάσσης ἥκασιν ἐν τῷ μεταξὺ καὶ συνήφθησαν διὰ κοινωνίας τῇ καθ' ἡμᾶς ἐκκλησίᾳ ἱερωμένοι; καὶ ὅσοι ἄνευ χρημάτων τηνικάδε κεχειροτόνηνται καὶ κεχειροτονήκασι, κἂν ᾑρέτιζον; ταῦτα πάντα θεοῦ μόνου γινώσκειν καὶ οὐκ ἀνθρώπου διαβεβαιοῦσθαι, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο πάντας καθῃρημένους ὑπολαμβάνειν. ἀλλ' ἐπεὶ ἄνθρωποι, ὡς ἄνθρωποι, παρακαλῶ, τὰ πράγματα κατίδωμεν. διότι ἄνθρωπος εἰς πρόσωπον, θεὸς δὲ εἰς καρδίαν ὁρᾷ, καὶ ἡ διὰ στόματος ὁμολογία μόνον ἀπαιτείσθω, ἡνίκα μὴ προφανῶς διαψεύδηται· καθ' ἣν καὶ Ταράσιος τὴν χειροτονίαν ἐδέξατο, ἐφ' ᾗ καὶ οἱ τότε ζηλωταὶ καὶ ἀκριβεῖς καὶ συνῆλθον Ταρασίῳ καὶ ὡμογνωμόνουν, κἂν θᾶττον μετὰ τὴν σύνοδον διηνέχθησαν πρὸς τῇ παραδοχῇ κατ' αὐτοὺς τῆς ἐν χρήμασι χειροτονίας καὶ δι' ἄλλα τινὰ ζητήματα. ἂν τοῦτό γε οὕτω δοκοίη εὖ ἔχειν καὶ ὑμῖν, καὶ πρὸς τὸ ἑξῆς βαδιούμεθα· ταῦτα γὰρ καὶ ἀπὸ Ταρασίου μέχρι τοῦ δεῦρο λεχθήσεται. τί δὲ τὸ συμπέρασμα; τὸ ἀπὸ παντὸς ἱερέως ἀδιαβλήτου κατὰ τὸν Θεολόγον καὶ Χρυσόστομον μετέχειν. ὁ μὲν γὰρ φησίν, ἔστω σοι πᾶς ἀξιόπιστος εἰς τὴν κάθαρσιν, μόνον ἔστω τις τῶν ἐγκρίτων καὶ μὴ προδήλως κατεγνωσμένων, μηδὲ τῶν τῆς πίστεως ἀλλοτρίων· ὁ δέ, περιεργάζου, πολυπραγμόνει· οὐ γὰρ ἀκίνδυνος ἡ ἀνεξέταστος κοινωνία. περὶ γὰρ μεγάλων ὁ κίνδυνος. Ἐκζητήσωμεν τοίνυν καὶ πολυπραγμονήσωμεν, παρ' οὗ ὀφείλομεν κοινωνῆσαι. εἰ τὴν πίστιν ὁμολογοίη ὀρθήν, εἰ μὴ χρήμασι κεχειροτόνηται, εἰ μή τι ἄλλο τῶν κατὰ τὸν βίον αὐτοῦ ὑποπτευομένων καὶ ἠκουσμένων σφαλερῶν ἀληθές. εἰ δὲ ὅτι τὴν χειροτονίαν καταγομένην ἔχει ἀπὸ τοῦ δεῖνος, εἴτε ἐξ αἱρετικοῦ εἴτε ἐκ χρηματοχειροτονήτου, αὐτὸς δὲ οὔτε αἱρετικὸς οὔτε ἐν γνώσει ἐκ χρηματολήπτου εἴτουν Σιμωνιανοῦ κεχειροτονημένος, ὁμολογοίη δὲ ὅμως τὴν πᾶσαν ἀλήθειαν, τήν τε πίστιν φυλάττειν καὶ τοὺς κανόνας ἀπαρατρώτους, τούς τε κατ' ἀμφότερα παρατετραμμένους ἀποβαλλόμενος, οὐδεὶς ἡμῖν λόγος ἀποχῆς πρὸς αὐτόν· ἀκατάγνωστος γὰρ ὁ τοιοῦτος κατὰ τοὺς προδεδηλωμένους ἁγίους, καὶ δι' αὐτῶν κατὰ πάντας. Οὕτω τοίνυν καὶ κοινωνοῦμεν, καὶ ὑμῖν ταὐτὸ ποιεῖν συμβεβουλεύμεθα, εἴπερ ἀκουοίμεθα. ἐπεί, εἰ περισσότερον διηρεύνηται, ἀποκρούεται μέν, ὡς δέδεικται, τὰ τῶν πατέρων παραγγέλματα, ἐκλιμπάνει δὲ τοσοῦτον τὸ τῆς ἱερωσύνης δῶρον, ἐφ' ᾧ τὸ χριστιανοὶ καλεῖσθαι ἔχομεν, ὡς εἰς ἐθνικὴν ἡμᾶς μεταπεσεῖν λατρείαν (ὅπερ ἄτοπον), πρὸς τό γε καὶ ἀκριβευομένους οὕτω μηδὲ ἐν δύσει καὶ ἀνατολῇ ἀφικομένους εὑρίσκειν τὸ ζητούμενον, ἀναδρομάδην καθαιρομένων πάντων διὰ τῆς ἀλληλούχου συλλειτουργήσεως· ἐπειδὴ προφανῶς τῷ Ῥωμαίων προέδρῳ ἐπὶ Ταρασίου συνιεράτευσαν οἱ ἐκ τῶνδε ἀποκρισιάριοι ἀποσταλέντες, κἀκεῖνοι τάχα τοῖς τῆς ἑῴας, καὶ φροῦδα ἐντεῦθεν τὰ τῆς ἱερωσύνης· ὃ ἀπαγορεύσαντες πάντως καταδεξόμεθα ἐν τῷ προειρημένῳ κατὰ τοὺς ἁγίους μέτρῳ στῆναι. διότι πολλὰ συνέβη καὶ συμβαίνει τοιαῦτα παραπτώματα ἐν τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ, ἃ οὐδεὶς τῶν ἁγίων ηὕρηται οὕτω διερευνήσας (ὅτι μηδὲ οἷόν τε) οὔτε μὴν ἐκδέδωκεν φυλάττειν ἡμᾶς. Ἔχει μὲν ταῦθ' οὕτως. περὶ δὲ τοῦ προὐργιαίτερον ἡμῖν εἶναι τῆς μοιχοκυρώτου συνόδου τὴν καθ' ὑμᾶς ἔνστασιν, τεθαύμακα ἀκούσας· τοσοῦτον γὰρ προτιμοτέρα, ὅσον ἀποστολικῆς φωνῆς ἡ κυριακή. καὶ οὔπω λέγω ὅτι Ταράσιος οὐκ ἐκήρυξεν ἐν χρήμασι χειροτονεῖσθαι, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοὺς τοιούτους ὁμολογῶν μὴ δέχεσθαι κατὰ τὸ προφανές. ὧδε δὲ δόγμα κατά τε τοῦ εὐαγγελίου τοῦ τε Προδρόμου τῶν τε κανόνων συνοδικῶς διὰ τῆς τοῦ μοιχοζεύκτου παραδοχῆς ἐκπεφώνηται, βεβαιοῦν τὴν παρανομίαν οἰκονομίαν, τούς τε ἱεράρχας καὶ ἱερεῖς ὁπόταν βούλωνται ἐξουσιάζειν τῶν κανόνων καὶ τοὺς μὴ ταὐτὸ φρονοῦντας ἀναθεματίζον τε καὶ ἐκσκορακίζον, καθάπερ ἴστε. τοῦτο τῆς εἰκονομάχου αἱρέσεως εἰ καὶ δεύτερον, ἀλλ' οὐκ ἔλαττον τοῖς εὐσεβῶς ἀναθεωροῦσιν. ὧν ὁ Κύριος ταῖς εὐχαῖς ἐκποδὼν τὸ κακὸν ἄρας πρυτανεύσοι εἰρήνην ὡς τὸ ἀπ' ἀρχῆς τῇ αὐτοῦ ἐκκλησία. πλὴν ὅτι, καθὰ γέγραφας, θάτερον ὑπὸ θατέρου βάλλεται, καὶ διάλληλος ἡ ἐπίγνωσις καὶ λύσις τῆς ἀνομοδέσμου πράξεως. Ἐρρωμένον καὶ εὐχόμενον ὑπὲρ τῆς ταπεινώσεως ἡμῶν πανέστιον ὁ Κύριός σε διαφυλάξειεν, φίλων πρώτιστε καὶ ζηλωτῶν κράτιστε.