Letter 22: Without address. On the Perfection of the Life of Solitaries. 1.

Basil of CaesareaHis monastic community|c. 358 AD|Basil of Caesarea|Human translated
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Slavery or captivity; Economic matters; Trade & commerce

Scripture sets out many things that are binding on everyone who wants to please God. For now, I'll confine myself to a brief reminder about the questions that have recently come up among you, based on what studying Scripture has shown me. I'll leave behind a clear guide that serious students can use, and that they in turn can share with others.

A Christian should live in a way that matches his heavenly calling. His life and conduct should be worthy of the gospel of Christ. He should not be of a divided mind, or let anything pull him away from remembering God and His purposes and judgments.

In everything, a Christian should surpass the standard of righteousness that existed under the old law: he should neither swear nor lie. He should not slander, use violence, fight, take revenge, or return evil for evil. He should not give way to anger. He should be patient in whatever he has to endure, and should correct the wrongdoer at the right time — not to vindicate himself, but to help his brother improve, as the Lord commanded.

A Christian should never say anything behind someone's back to damage their reputation — this is slander, even if what's said is true. He should turn away from anyone who speaks evil about someone else. He should not indulge in crude humor, and should not laugh at or encourage those who do. He should avoid idle talk — saying things that serve no purpose for his listeners, beyond what is truly necessary and permitted by God. Workers should do their best to work in silence.

Those entrusted with teaching the word of God should not withhold it from anyone who wants to learn, out of jealousy or laziness. Instead, they should teach with joy and generosity, for it is written: "Freely you have received; freely give" (Matthew 10:8).

Anyone who sins against a brother and is confronted about it — whether by that brother or by someone else — should accept the correction willingly. If the sinner does not respond, he should be treated as the Lord directed: brought before witnesses, and if he still refuses to listen, brought before the community. The goal is not punishment but restoration. Everything should be done for the healing of the one who has gone astray.

As for those who accept the faith but then ignore the commandments, they bring disgrace on themselves and grief to those who taught them. They should grieve over their failings and, through genuine repentance, prove that the change in their life is real — not just in words but in actions.

Obedience is owed to those who lead in the Lord, without hesitation or complaint, since anyone who resists or grumbles against the one entrusted with authority is not resisting a person but resisting God's order.

In short: let every Christian examine himself constantly, test his actions against the standard of Scripture, and live as though he stands always in the presence of God.

Human translationNew Advent (NPNF / ANF series)

Latin / Greek Original

[Πρός: Περὶ τελειότητος βίου μοναχῶν]

Πολλῶν ὄντων τῶν ὑπὸ τῆς θεοπνεύστου Γραφῆς δηλουμένων τῶν κατορθοῦσθαι ὀφειλόντων τοῖς ἐσπουδακόσιν εὐαρεστῆσαι τῷ Θεῷ, περὶ μόνων τέως τῶν ἐπὶ τοῦ παρόντος κινηθέντων παρʼ ὑμῖν, ὡς ἔμαθον ἐξ αὐτῆς τῆς θεοπνεύστου Γραφῆς, ἐν συντόμῳ ὑπομνήσει εἰπεῖν ἀναγκαίως προεθυμήθην, τὴν περὶ ἑκάστου μαρτυρίαν εὔληπτον οὖσαν καταλείψας ἐπιγινώσκειν τοῖς περὶ τὴν ἀνάγνωσιν ἀπασχολουμένοις, οἵτινες ἱκανοὶ ἔσονται καὶ ἑτέρους ὑπομιμνήσκειν.
Ὅτι δεῖ τὸν Χριστιανὸν ἄξια τῆς ἐπουρανίου κλήσεως φρονεῖν, καὶ ἀξίως τοῦ εὐαγγελίου τοῦ Χριστοῦ πολιτεύεσθαι. ὅτι οὐ δεῖ τὸν Χριστιανὸν μετεωρίζεσθαι, οὐδὲ ἀφέλκεσθαι ὑπό τινος ἀπὸ τῆς μνήμης τοῦ Θεοῦ καὶ τῶν αὐτοῦ θελημάτων καὶ κριμάτων. ὅτι δεῖ τὸν Χριστιανόν, κρείττονα τῶν κατὰ τὸν νόμον δικαιωμάτων γενόμενον ἐν πᾶσι, μήτε ὀμνύειν μήτε ψεύδεσθαι. ὅτι οὐ δεῖ βλασφημεῖν· ὅτι οὐ δεῖ ὑβρίζειν. ὅτι οὐ δεῖ μάχεσθαι· ὅτι οὐ δεῖ ἑαυτὸν ἐκδικεῖν· ὅτι οὐ δεῖ κακὸν ἀντὶ κακοῦ ἀποδιδόναι· ὅτι οὐ δεῖ ὀργίζεσθαι. ὅτι δεῖ μακροθυμεῖν πᾶν ὁτιοῦν πάσχοντα, καὶ ἐλέγχειν εὐκαίρως τὸν ἀδικοῦντα, οὐ μὴν ἐν πάθει τῆς ἑαυτοῦ ἐκδικήσεως, ἀλλʼ ἐν ἐπιθυμίᾳ τῆς τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ διορθώσεως, κατὰ τὴν ἐντολὴν τοῦ Κυρίου. ὅτι οὐ δεῖ κατὰ ἀπόντος ἀδελφοῦ λέγειν τι σκοπῷ τοῦ διαβάλλειν αὐτόν, ὅπερ ἐστὶ καταλαλία, κἂν ἀληθῆ ᾖ τὰ λεγόμενα. ὅτι δεῖ τὸν καταλαλοῦντα ἀδελφοῦ ἀποστρέφεσθαι.
Ὅτι οὐ δεῖ εὐτράπελα φθέγγεσθαι. ὅτι οὐ δεῖ γελᾷν οὐδὲ γελοιαστῶν ἀνέχεσθαι. ὅτι οὐ δεῖ ἀργολογεῖν, λαλοῦντά τι ὃ μήτε πρὸς ὠφέλειαν τῶν ἀκουόντων ἐστὶ μήτε πρὸς τὴν ἀναγκαίαν καὶ συγκεχωρημένην ἡμῖν ὑπὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ χρείαν· ὥστε καὶ τοὺς ἐργαζομένους σπουδάζειν καθʼ ὅσον δυνατὸν μετὰ ἡσυχίας ἐργάζεσθαι, καὶ αὐτοὺς δὲ τοὺς ἀγαθοὺς λόγους πρὸς ἐκείνους κινεῖν, τοὺς πεπιστευμένους μετὰ δοκιμασίας οἰκονομεῖν τὸν λόγον πρὸς οἰκοδομὴν τῆς πίστεως, ἵνα μὴ λυπῆται τὸ Πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον τοῦ Θεοῦ. ὅτι οὐ δεῖ τῶν ἐπεισερχομένων τινὰ ἐπʼ ἐξουσίας ἐγγίζειν ἢ λαλεῖν τινὶ τῶν ἀδελφῶν, πρὶν ἂν οἱ ἐπιτεταγμένοι τὴν φροντίδα τῆς ἐν πᾶσιν εὐταξίας δοκιμάσωσι πῶς ἀρέσκει Θεῷ πρὸς τὸ κοινῇ συμφέρον. ὅτι οὐ δεῖ οἴνῳ δεδουλῶσθαι, οὔτε περὶ κρέα ἐμπαθῶς ἔχειν, καὶ καθόλου περὶ οὐδὲν βρῶμα ἢ πόμα φιλήδονον εἶναι· ὁ γὰρ ἀγωνιζόμενος πάντα ἐγκρατεύεται. ὅτι τῶν διδομένων ἑκάστῳ εἰς χρῆσιν οὐδὲν ὡς ἴδιον ἔχειν δεῖ ἢ ταμιεύεσθαι· ἐν μέντοι τῇ φροντίδι πᾶσιν ὡς δεσποτικοῖς προσέχοντα, μηδὲν τῶν παραῤῥιπτομένων ἢ ἀμελουμένων, ἂν οὕτω τύχῃ, παρορᾷν. ὅτι οὐ δεῖ οὔτε αὐτὸν ἑαυτοῦ κύριον εἶναί τινα, ἀλλʼ ὡς ὑπὸ Θεοῦ παραδεδομένον εἰς δουλείαν τοῖς ὁμοψύχοις ἀδελφοῖς, οὕτω καὶ φρονεῖν πάντα καὶ ποιεῖν, ἕκαστον δὲ ἐν τῷ ἰδίῳ τάγματι.
Ὅτι οὐ δεῖ γογγύζειν, οὔτε ἐν τῇ στενοχωρίᾳ τῶν πρὸς τὴν χρείαν οὔτε ἐν τῷ καμάτῳ τῶν ἔργων, ἐχόντων τὸ κρίμα περὶ ἑκάστου τῶν ἐπιτεταγμένων τὴν τούτων ἐξουσίαν. ὅτι οὐ δεῖ κραυγὴν γίνεσθαι, οὔτε ἄλλο τι σχῆμα ἢ κίνημα ἐν ᾧ χαρακτηρίζεται θυμός, ἢ μετεωρισμὸς ἀπὸ τῆς πληροφορίας τοῦ παρεῖναι. τὸν Θεόν. ὅτι δεῖ τῇ χρείᾳ συμμετρεῖν τὴν φωνήν. ὅτι οὐ δεῖ θρασέως ἢ καταφρονητικῶς τινὶ ἀποκρίνεσθαι ἢ ποιεῖν τι, ἀλλʼ ἐν πᾶσι τὸ ἐπιεικὲς καὶ τὸ τιμητικὸν πρὸς πάντας δεικνύειν. ὅτι οὐ δεῖ ἐννεύειν ὀφθαλμῷ μετὰ δόλου, ἢ ἄλλῳ τινὶ σχήματι ἢ κινήματι μέλους κεχρῆσθαι, ὃ λυπεῖ τὸν ἀδελφὸν ἢ καταφρόνησιν ἐμφαίνει.
Ὅτι οὐ δεῖ καλλωπίζεσθαι ἐν ἱματίοις ἢ ὑποδήμασιν, ὅπερ ἐστὶ περπερεία. ὅτι δεῖ εὐτελέσι κεχρῆσθαι τοῖς πρὸς τὴν χρείαν τοῦ σώματος. ὅτι οὐ δεῖ ὑπὲρ τὴν χρείαν καὶ πρὸς δαψίλειαν ἀναλίσκειν οὐδέν, ὅπερ ἐστὶ παράχρησις. ὅτι οὐ δεῖ τιμὴν ἐπιζητεῖν, ἢ πρωτείων ἀντιποιεῖσθαι. ὅτι δεῖ ἕκαστον προτιμᾷν ἑαυτοῦ πάντας. ὅτι οὐ δεῖ ἀνυπότακτον εἶναι. ὅτι οὐ δεῖ ἀργὸν ἐσθίειν τὸν ἐργάζεσθαι δυνάμενον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸν ἀσχολούμενον περί τι τῶν κατορθουμένων εἰς δόξαν Χριστοῦ ἐκβιάζεσθαι ἑαυτὸν εἰς τὴν σπουδὴν τοῦ κατὰ δύναμιν ἔργου. ὅτι δεῖ ἕκαστον δοκιμασίᾳ τῶν προεστώτων, μετὰ λόγου καὶ πληροφορίας, οὕτω ποιεῖν πάντα, ἄχρι καὶ αὐτοῦ τοῦ φαγεῖν καὶ πιεῖν, ὡς εἰς δόξαν Θεοῦ γινόμενα. ὅτι οὐ δεῖ ἀφʼ ἑτέρου εἰς ἕτερον ἔργον μεταβαίνειν ἄνευ τῆς δοκιμασίας τῶν εἰς τὸ διατυποῦν τὰ τοιαῦτα ἐπιτεταγμένων, ἐκτὸς εἰ μή πού τινα ἀπαραίτητος ἀνάγκη εἰς βοήθειαν τοῦ ἀδυνατήσαντος καλοίη αἰφνίδιον. ὅτι δεῖ ἕκαστον μένειν ἐν ᾧ ἐτάχθη, καὶ μὴ ὑπερβαίνοντα τὸ ἴδιον μέτρον ἐπιβαίνειν τοῖς μὴ ἐπιτεταγμένοις, εἰ μή τι ἂν οἱ ταῦτα πεπιστευμένοι δοκιμάσωσί τινα χρῄζοντα βοηθείας. ὅτι οὐ δεῖ ἀφʼ ἑτέρου ἐργαστηρίου εἰς ἕτερον εὑρίσκεσθαί τινα. ὅτι οὐ δεῖ κατὰ φιλονεικίαν ἢ ἔριν τὴν πρός τινα ποιεῖν τι.
Ὅτι οὐ δεῖ φθονεῖν τῇ ἑτέρου εὐδοκιμήσει, οὔτε ἐπιχαίρειν ἐλαττώμασί τινος. ὅτι δεῖ ἐν ἀγάπῃ Χριστοῦ λυπεῖσθαι μὲν καὶ συντρίβεσθαι ἐπὶ τοῖς τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ ἐλαττώμασιν, εὐφραίνεσθαι δὲ ἐπὶ τοῖς κατορθώμασιν. ὅτι οὐ δεῖ ἀδιαφορεῖν ἐπὶ τοῖς ἁμαρτάνουσιν ἢ ἐφησυχάζειν αὐτοῖς. ὅτι δεῖ τὸν ἐλέγχοντα μετὰ πάσης εὐσπλαγχνίας, φόβῳ Θεοῦ καὶ σκοπῷ τοῦ ἐπιστρέψαι τὸν ἁμαρτάνοντα, ἐλέγχειν. ὅτι δεῖ τὸν ἐλεγχόμενον ἢ ἐπιτιμώμενον καταδέχεσθαι προθύμως, γνωρίζοντα τὸ ἑαυτοῦ ὄφελος ἐν τῇ διορθώσει. ὅτι οὐ δεῖ, ἐγκαλουμένου τινὸς ἄλλον, ἐνώπιον ἐκείνου ἢ ἄλλων τινῶν ἀντιλέγειν τῷ ἐγκαλοῦντι. ἐὰν δὲ ἄρα ποτὲ ἄλογον φανῇ τὸ ἔγκλημά τινι, κατʼ ἰδίαν κινεῖν λόγον πρὸς τὸν ἐγκαλοῦντα, καὶ ἢ πληροφορεῖν ἢ πληροφορεῖσθαι.
Ὅτι δεῖ ἕκαστον, ὅση δύναμις, θεραπεύειν τὸν ἔχοντά τι κατʼ αὐτοῦ. ὅτι οὐ δεῖ μνησικακεῖν τῷ ἁμαρτήσαντι καὶ μετανοοῦντι, ἀλλʼ ἐκ καρδίας ἀφεῖναι. ὅτι δεῖ τὸν λέγοντα μετανοεῖν ἐφʼ ἁμαρτήματι μὴ μόνον κατανυγῆναι ἐφʼ ᾧ ἥμαρτεν, ἀλλὰ καὶ καρποὺς ἀξίους ποιῆσαι τῆς μετανοίας. ὅτι ὁ ἐπὶ τοῖς πρώτοις ἁμαρτήμασι παιδευθεὶς καὶ τῆς ἀφέσεως ἀξιωθείς, ἐὰν πάλιν ἁμάρτῃ, χεῖρον τοῦ προτέρου κατασκευάζει ἑαυτῷ τὸ κρίμα τῆς ὀργῆς. ὅτι δεῖ τὸν μετὰ τὴν πρώτην καὶ δευτέραν νουθεσίαν ἐπιμένοντα τῷ ἐλαττώματι ἑαυτοῦ φανεροῦσθαι τῷ προεστῶτι, ἐὰν ἄρα ὑπὸ πλειόνων ἐπιτιμηθεὶς ἐντραπῇ. ἐὰν δὲ μηδὲ οὕτω διορθώσηται, ὡς σκάνδαλον ἐκκόπτεσθαι τοῦ λοιποῦ, καὶ ὡς ἐθνικὸν καὶ τελώνην ὁρᾶσθαι πρὸς τὴν ἀσφάλειαν τῶν τὴν σπουδὴν τῆς ὑπακοῆς ἐργαζομένων, κατὰ τὸ εἰρημένον, Ἀσεβῶν καταπιπτόντων, δίκαιοι ἔμφοβοι γίνονται. δεῖ δὲ καὶ πενθεῖν ἐπʼ αὐτῷ, ὡς μέλους ἐκκοπέντος ἐκ τοῦ σώματος.
Ὅτι οὐ δεῖ ἐν παροργισμῷ ἀδελφοῦ ἐπιδῦναι τὸν ἥλιον, μή ποτε ἡ νὺξ διαστῇ μεταξὺ ἀμφοτέρων καὶ καταλίπῃ ἐν ἡμέρᾳ κρίσεως ἀπαραίτητον ἔγκλημα. ὅτι οὐ δεῖ καιρὸν ἀναμένειν ἐπὶ τῇ ἑαυτοῦ διορθώσει, διὰ τὸ μὴ ἀσφαλὲς ἔχειν περὶ τῆς αὔριον, ὅτι πολλοὶ πολλὰ βουλευσάμενοι τὴν αὔριον οὐ κατέλαβον. ὅτι οὐ δεῖ ἀπατᾶσθαι χορτασίᾳ κοιλίας, δι’ ἧς γίνονται φαντασίαι νυκτεριναί. ὅτι οὐ δεῖ περισπᾶσθαι εἰς ἄμετρον ἐργασίαν καὶ ὑπερβαίνειν τοὺς ὅρους τῆς αὐταρκείας, κατὰ τὸν ἀπόστολον εἰπόντα· Ἔχοντες δὲ διατροφὰς καὶ σκεπάσματα, τούτοις ἀρκεσθησόμεθα· ὅτι ἡ περισσεία ἡ ὑπὲρ τὴν χρείαν εἰκόνα πλεονεξίας ἐμφαίνει, ἡ δὲ πλεονεξία ἀπόφασιν ἔχει εἰδωλολατρείας. ὅτι οὐ δεῖ φιλάργυρον εἶναι, οὐδὲ θησαυρίζειν εἰς ἀνωφελῆ ἃ μὴ δεῖ. ὅτι δεῖ τὸν προσερχόμενον Θεῷ ἀκτημοσύνην ἀσπάζεσθαι κατὰ πάντα, καὶ καθηλωμένον εἶναι τῷ φόβῳ τοῦ Θεοῦ, κατὰ τὸν εἰπόντα· Καθήλωσον ἐκ τοῦ φόβου σου τὰς σάρκας μου· ἀπὸ γὰρ τῶν κριμάτων σου ἐφοβήθην.
Δῴη δὲ ὁ Κύριος μετὰ πάσης πληροφορίας ὑμᾶς ἀναδεξαμένους τὰ εἰρημένα, εἰς δόξαν Θεοῦ καρποὺς ἀξίους τοῦ Πνεύματος ἐπιδείξασθαι, Θεοῦ εὐδοκίᾳ καὶ συνεργίᾳ τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ. Ἀμήν.

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