Letter 22: The Hellenic religion does not yet thrive as I wish, and the fault lies with those who profess it.

To Arsacius, High-priest of Galatia. The Hellenic religion does not yet thrive as I wish, and the fault lies with those who profess it. The worship of the gods is on a splendid and magnificent scale — surpassing every prayer and hope. May Nemesis forgive my words, for a short time ago no one would even have dared to pray for a transformation this complete in so short a time. Then why do we think this is enough? Why do we not see that it was the Galileans' [Christians'] charity to strangers, their care for the graves of the dead, and the apparent holiness of their lives that did the most to spread atheism [Julian's word for Christianity]? I believe we must genuinely practice all of these virtues. It is not enough for you alone to be virtuous. All the priests in Galatia must be held to account. Either persuade or compel them to live properly — or strip them of their priesthood if they bring their families to the services of the Galileans or allow their servants or children to behave impiously. A priest who approaches the gods should purify himself not only in body but in soul. I order that in every city hostels be established for strangers — not only for our own people but for anyone in need. I have arranged for Galatia to receive 30,000 bushels of grain and 60,000 pints of wine per year. A fifth is to be used for the poor who serve the priests; the rest is for travelers and beggars. It is disgraceful that among the Jews no one begs, and the impious Galileans feed not only their own poor but ours as well, while our people are seen to lack any help from us. Teach the Hellenes to contribute to these public services. Teach the Hellenic villages to offer their first-fruits to the gods. Admonish the priests not to go to the theater, not to drink in taverns, not to practice any trade that is shameful or degrading. Those who obey, honor; those who disobey, expel. Let every city have a poorhouse where the unfortunate can receive humane treatment — and not only from our own resources.

To Arsacius, High-priest of Galatia [362, on his way to Antioch in June?] The Hellenic religion does not yet prosper as I desire, and it is the fault of those who profess it; for the worship of the gods is on a splendid and magnificent scale, surpassing every prayer and every hope. May Adrasteia 2 pardon my words, for indeed no one, a little while ago, would have ventured even to pray for a change of such a sort or so complete within so short a time. Why, then, do we think that this is enough, why do we not observe that it is their benevolence to strangers, their care for the graves of the dead and the pretended holiness of their lives that have done most to increase atheism?1 I believe that we ought really and truly to practise every one of these virtues.2 And it is not enough for you alone to practise them, but so must all the priests in Galatia, without exception. Either shame or persuade them into righteousness or else remove them from their priestly office, if they do not, together with their wives, children and servants, attend the worship of the gods but allow their servants or sons or wives to show impiety towards the gods and honour atheism more than piety. In the second place, admonish them that no priest may enter a theatre or drink in a tavern or control any craft or trade that is base and not respectable. Honour those who obey you, but those who disobey, expel from office. In every city establish frequent hostels in order that strangers may profit by our benevolence; I do not mean for our own people only, but for others also who are in need of money. I have but now made a plan by which you may be well provided for this; for I have given directions that 30,000 modii of corn shall be assigned every year for the whole of Galatia, and 60,000 pints 3 of wine. I order that one-fifth of this be used for the poor who serve the priests, and the remainder be distributed by us to strangers and beggars. For it is disgraceful that, when no Jew ever has to beg, and the impious Galilaeans support not only their own poor but ours as well, all men see that our people lack aid from us.1 Teach those of the Hellenic faith to contribute to public service of this sort, and the Hellenic villages to offer their first fruits to the gods; and accustom those who love the Hellenic religion to these good works by teaching them that this was our practice of old. At any rate Homer makes Eumaeus say: "Stranger, it is not lawful for me, not even though a baser man than you should come, to dishonour a stranger. For from Zeus come all strangers and beggars. And a gift, though small, is precious." 2 Then let us not, by allowing others to outdo us in good works, disgrace by such remissness, or rather, utterly abandon, the reverence due to the gods. If I hear that you are carrying out these orders I shall be filled with joy. As for the government officials, do not interview them often at their homes, but write to them frequently. And when they enter the city no priest must go to meet them, but only meet them within the vestibule when they visit the temples of the gods. Let no soldier march before them into the temple, but any who will may follow them; for the moment that one of them passes over the threshold of the sacred precinct he becomes a private citizen. For you yourself, as you are aware, have authority over what is within, since this is the bidding of the divine ordinance. Those who obey it are in very truth god-fearing, while those who oppose it with arrogance are vainglorious and empty-headed. I am ready to assist Pessinus1 if her people succeed in winning the favour of the Mother of the Gods. But, if they neglect her, they are not only not free from blame, but, not to speak harshly, let them beware of reaping my enmity also. "For it is not lawful for me to cherish or to pity men who are the enemies of the immortal gods." 2 Therefore persuade them, if they claim my patronage, that the whole community must become suppliants of the Mother of the Gods. 2 The goddess "whom none may escape" is a variant of Nemesis, often invoked in a saving clause, cf. To Alypius, p. 17. 1 Julian often calls Christianity "atheism." 2 In the Fragment of a Letter, Vol. 2, Julian admonishes priests to imitate Christian virtues, cf. especially 289-290; it is the favourite theme of his pastoral letters; for a fuller account of his attempt to graft Christian discipline on paganism, see Gregory Nazianzen, Against Julian, Oration 3, and Sozomen 5. 16. 3 Modius, "peck," and sextarius, "pint," are Latin words. 1 For a comparison of the charity of the Galilaeans with Pagan illiberality, cf. Vol. 2, Misopogon 363a, b. 2 Odyssey 14. 56; cf. Fragment of a Letter 291b, where it is quoted in a similar context. 1 This letter was probably written after Julian's visit to Pessinus on his way to Antioch. The probable date for his arrival at Antioch is the first half of July. 2 Odyssey 10. 73; Julian alters the original which is said by Aeolus to Odysseus.

[Πρός: Ἀρσακίῳ ἀρχιερεῖ Γαλατίας.] Ὁ Ἑλληνισμὸς οὔπω πράττει κατὰ λόγον ἡμῶν ἕνεκα τῶν μετιόντων αὐτόν· τὰ γὰρ τῶν θεῶν λαμπρὰ καὶ μεγάλα, κρείττονα πάσης μὲν εὐχῆς, πάσης δὲ ἐλπίδος. ἵλεως δὲ ἔστω τοῖς λόγοις ἡμῶν Ἀδράστεια· τὴν γὰρ ἐν ὀλίγῳ τοιαύτην καὶ τηλικαύτην μεταβολὴν οὐδ’ ἂν εὔξασθαί τις ὀλίγῳ πρότερον ἐτόλμα. τί οὖν ἡμεῖς οἰόμεθα ταῦτα ἀρκεῖν, οὐδὲ ἀποβλέπομεν, ὡς μάλιστα τὴν ἀθεότητα συνηύξησεν ἡ περὶ τοὺς ξένους φιλανθρωπία καὶ ἡ περὶ τὰς ταφὰς τῶν νεκρῶν προμήθεια καὶ ἡ πεπλασμένη σεμνότης κατὰ τὸν βίον; ὧν ἕκαστον οἴομαι χρῆναι παρ’ ἡμῶν ἀληθῶς ἐπιτηδεύεσθαι. καὶ οὐκ ἀπόχρη τὸ σὲ μόνον εἶναι τοιοῦτον, ἀλλὰ πάντας ἁπαξαπλῶς ὅσοι περὶ τὴν Γαλατίαν εἰσὶν ἱερεῖς· οὓς ἢ δυσώπησον ἢ πεῖσον εἶναι σπουδαίους, ἢ τῆς ἱερατικῆς λειτουργίας ἀποστῆσον, εἰ μὴ προσέρχοιντο μετὰ γυναικῶν καὶ παίδων καὶ θεραπόντων τοῖς θεοῖς, ἀλλὰ ἀνέχοιντο τῶν οἰκετῶν ἢ υἱέων ἢ τῶν γαμετῶν ἀσεβούντων μὲν εἰς τοὺς θεούς, ἀθεότητα δὲ θεοσεβείας προτιμώντων. ἔπειτα παραίνεσον ἱερέα μήτε θεάτρῳ παραβάλλειν μήτε ἐν καπηλείῳ πίνειν ἢ τέχνης τινὸς καὶ ἐργασίας αἰσχρᾶς καὶ ἐπονειδίστου προΐστασθαι· καὶ τοὺς μὲν πειθομένους τίμα, τοὺς δὲ ἀπειθοῦντας ἐξώθει. ξενοδοκεῖα καθ’ ἑκάστην πόλιν κατάστησον πυκνά, ἵν’ ἀπολαύσωσιν οἱ ξένοι τῆς παρ’ ἡμῶν φιλανθρωπίας, οὐ τῶν ἡμετέρων μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἄλλων ὅστις ἂν δεηθῇ χρημάτων. ὅθεν δὲ εὐπορήσεις, ἐπινενόηταί μοι τέως. ἑκάστου γὰρ ἐνιαυτοῦ τρισμυρίους μοδίους κατὰ πᾶσαν τὴν Γαλατίαν ἐκέλευσα δοθῆναι σίτου καὶ ἑξακισμυρίους οἴνου ξέστας· ὧν τὸ μὲν πέμπτον εἰς τοὺς πένητας τοὺς τοῖς ἱερεῦσιν ὑπηρετουμένους ἀναλίσκεσθαί φημι χρῆναι, τὰ δὲ ἄλλα τοῖς ξένοις καὶ τοῖς μεταιτοῦσιν ἐπινέμεσθαι παρ’ ἡμῶν. αἰσχρὸν γάρ, εἰ τῶν μὲν Ἰουδαίων οὐδεὶς μεταιτεῖ, τρέφουσι δὲ οἱ δυσσεβεῖς Γαλιλαῖοι πρὸς τοῖς ἑαυτῶν καὶ τοὺς ἡμετέρους, οἱ δὲ ἡμέτεροι τῆς παρ’ ἡμῶν ἐπικουρίας ἐνδεεῖς φαίνονται. δίδασκε δὲ καὶ συνεισφέρειντοὺς Ἑλληνιστὰς εἰς τὰς τοιαύτας λειτουργίας καὶ τὰς Ἑλληνικὰς κώμας ἀπάρχεσθαι τοῖς θεοῖς τῶν καρπῶν, καὶ τοὺς Ἑλληνικοὺς ταῖς τοιαύταις εὐποιίαις προσέθιζε, διδάσκων αὐτούς, ὡς τοῦτο πάλαι ἦν ἡμέτερον ἔργον. Ὅμηρος γοῦν τοῦτο πεποίηκεν Εὔμαιον λέγοντα· ξεῖν’, οὔ μοι θέμις ἔστ’, οὐδ’ εἰ κακίων σέθεν ἔλθοι, ξεῖνον ἀτιμῆσαι· πρὸς γὰρ Διός εἰσιν ἅπαντες ξεῖνοί τε πτωχοί τε. δόσις δ’ ὀλίγη τε φίλη τε. μὴ δὴ τὰ παρ’ ἡμῖν ἀγαθὰ παραζηλοῦν ἄλλοις συγχωροῦντες αὐτοὶ τῇ ῥᾳθυμίᾳ καταισχύνωμεν, μᾶλλον δὲ καταπροώμεθα τὴν εἰς τοὺς θεοὺς εὐλάβειαν. εἰ ταῦτα πυθοίμην ἐγώ σε πράττοντα, μεστὸς εὐφροσύνης ἔσομαι. Τοὺς ἡγεμόνας ὀλιγάκις ἐπὶ τῆς οἰκίας ὅρα, τὰ πλεῖστα δὲ αὐτοῖς ἐπίστελλε. εἰσιοῦσι δὲ εἰς τὴν πόλιν ὑπαντάτω μηδεὶς αὐτοῖς ἱερέων, ἀλλ’, ὅταν εἰς τὰ ἱερὰ φοιτῶσι τῶν θεῶν, εἴσω τῶν προθύρων. ἡγείσθω δὲ μηδεὶς αὐτῶν εἴσω στρατιώτης, ἑπέσθω δὲ ὁ βουλόμενος· ἅμα γὰρ εἰς τὸν οὐδὸν ἦλθε τοῦ τεμένους καὶ γέγονεν ἰδιώτης. ἄρχεις γὰρ αὐτός, ὡς οἶσθα, τῶν ἔνδον, ἐπεὶ καὶ ὁ θεῖος ταῦτα ἀπαιτεῖθεσμός. καὶ οἱ μὲν πειθόμενοι κατὰ ἀλήθειάν εἰσι θεοσεβεῖς, οἱ δὲ ἀντεχόμενοι τοῦ τύφου δοξοκόποι καὶ κενόδοξοι. Τῇ Πεσσινοῦντι βοηθεῖν ἕτοιμός εἰμι, εἰ τὴν μητέρα τῶν θεῶν ἵλεων καταστήσουσιν ἑαυτοῖς· ἀμελοῦντες δὲ αὐτῆς οὐκ ἄμεμπτοι μόνον, ἀλλὰ, μὴ πικρὸν εἰπεῖν, μὴ καὶ τῆς παρ’ ἡμῶν ἀπολαύσωσι δυσμενείας. οὐ γάρ μοι θέμις ἐστὶ κομιζέμεν οὐδ’ ἐλεαίρειν ἀνέρας, οἵ κε θεοῖσιν ἀπέχθωντ’ ἀθανάτοισιν. πεῖθε τοίνυν αὐτούς, εἰ τῆς παρ’ ἐμοῦ κηδεμονίας ἀντέχονται, πανδημεὶ τῆς μητρὸς τῶν θεῶν ἱκέτας γενέσθαι.