Letter 455: Theodore Studite, Letter 455; Greek heading: Θεοφίλῳ τῆς Ἐφέσου.

I received into my hands the document which your sacred Eminence sent to Athanasius our brother, and on reading it I was grieved, my most holy father, with no small grief: first, because among ourselves, who rightly divide the word of truth against the heresy [hairesis, false teaching] of the iconoclasts [image-fighters] now raging, wranglings arise and schisms spring up; and second, because I, the least of all, am compelled to frame my discourse in the manner of contradiction. But let your Greatness pardon me; for the discourse concerns truth, than which nothing is more to be honored or more to be reverenced. And what is it that is borne in the letters, the thing over which there is grief? "We," it says, "counseled neither that the Manichaeans should be slain nor that they should not be slain; but had we even given the order, we would have done the greatest of the noblest deeds." What do you say, O man honored by God? The Lord forbade this very thing in the Gospels, saying: "No, lest in gathering up the tares you root up the wheat together with them; let them grow together until the harvest." And do you say that the granting of permission for the rooting-up is the greatest of the noblest deeds? And that by the tares He meant the heretics, clearly both those of that time and those of later times, that is, all of them, let us hear Chrysostom interpreting this very passage; concerning it he says these things: "Why then does the Master forbid it, saying, lest you root up the wheat together with them? He said this forbidding wars to arise, and bloodsheds and slaughters; for one must not kill heretics, since an implacable war would thereby be brought into the inhabited world." And after other matters: "What else does He mean by 'do not root up the wheat together with them' than this, that 'if you were to take up arms and slaughter heretics, of necessity many even of the saints would be cut down along with them'?" Which indeed has come to pass in our own times; for bloodsheds and slaughters have filled our inhabited world, and many of the saints have departed along with them; and the word of the Lord has not failed, as is confessed by many. And why do we speak about not permitting heretics to be slain? It has not even been conceded to us to call down curses upon them. For let us hear again the Lord speaking to Carpus the saint, as has been intimated through the voice of the all-wise Dionysius [Dionysius the Areopagite], saying: "Strike against me henceforth; for I am ready yet again to suffer for the sake of human beings being saved, and this is dear to me, provided that other human beings do not sin. But consider whether it is well for you to exchange your dwelling with God and with the good and benevolent angels for the dwelling in the chasm with the serpents." Do you see, O man of divine understanding, the divine indignation, because he had prayed that the heretics be removed from life, and how, if he had persisted in this disposition, the saint was about to be condemned? Therefore, as the truth has shown, one must not call down curses at all, but rather pray on their behalf, as the Lord Himself showed at the time of His passion, saying to His own Father: "Father, forgive them the sin; for they do not know what they do." But as for your Holiness saying that you have these saints agreeing with you in the matter: pardon me, father, we do not rightly understand the sayings of the saints, and thence we find ourselves bringing in a battle against the fathers, or rather a battle against God. For the divine Cyril, in his works against Julian, set forth the saying in accordance with what had been ordained of old, not putting the old [law] in rivalry with the new (God forbid); for he was not ignorant that whatever the law says, it speaks to those under the law, nor [ignorant] of the Savior's comparison, in which He says: "It was said to the ancients this; but I say to you this." So that, as the revealer of God Dionysius says to a certain Demophilus, we will not approve your unenviable impulses, not even if you should bring up Phinehas and Elijah ten thousand times; for the disciples who at that time had no share in the gentle and good spirit did not please Jesus when He heard these things. For indeed our most divine institutor of the sacred ordinances [teaches us] to instruct in gentleness those who are opposed to the teaching of God; for the ignorant ought to be taught, not punished. Let us therefore give ear, O blessed one, to what the holy Paul also has said, the sun of [all that is] under heaven. And the God-bearer Ignatius likewise says: "Those who hate God one ought indeed to hate, and to be consumed with grief over His enemies, yet not for us to persecute them or to strike them, even as do the nations that do not know God; but if one must not strike them, far less may one kill them." And since you have taken up the holy Symeon of the Wonderful Mountain, master, as agreeing with you, do not suppose this, holy one, as though he is at war with Christ or with the teachers above him, but what? His word of exhortation to the emperor of that time concerned a nation that was wounding the Christian people, that the Christians might not be ravaged by the Samaritans. And this is well; and now we exhort this very same thing, that the emperors should make war upon the Scythians and Arabs who are putting the people of God to death, and should not spare them. This is one thing, and that is another: the one [is directed] against enemies, the other against the heretics under one's hand. For as to the matter concerning John the Faster, the bishop of Constantinople, it does not seem to me to be true that he gave the order for the sorcerers to be impaled, but rather that he allowed it; for they too were murderers, against whom the rulers must not be prevented from doing the things of the Roman laws; for "not in vain," it says, "do they bear the sword; they are avengers against him who does evil." Yet against those whom the Lord has forbidden one must not give permission; for being rulers of bodies, it is permitted to them to punish those caught in bodily offenses, not those [caught] in matters pertaining to the soul; for this belongs to the rulers of souls, whose instruments of punishment are excommunications and the other penances. Thus, then, O master, do we the lowly think; and indeed, that I may speak in foolishness, we have spoken even with boldness: to our most blessed patriarch, that "the Church does not avenge with the sword" (and he assented); and to the emperors who carried out the slaughter, to the first, that "God was not pleased with such a killing," and to the second, who demanded our advocacy of the killing, that "sooner is my head taken off than that I should agree to this." These things, then, come from us sinners; but you, most holy ones, if you have read some other Gospel which we do not know, it would be well; but if not, consider what the Apostle declares.

Ἔλαβον ἐπὶ χεῖρας τὸ γραμματεῖον, ὅπερ ἀπέστειλεν ἡ ἱερά σου κορυφὴ Ἀθανασίῳ τῷ ἡμετέρῳ ἀδελφῷ, καὶ ἀναγνοὺς ἐλυπήθην, ἱερώτατέ μου πάτερ, λύπην ἱκανήν, πρῶτον μὲν ὅτι ἐν ἡμῖν αὐτοῖς, τοῖς ὀρθοτομοῦσι τὸν λόγον τῆς ἀληθείας κατὰ τὴν νῦν λυττῶσαν αἵρεσιν τῶν εἰκονομάχων, ἐρεσχελίαι γίγνονται καὶ σχίσματα ἐπιφύονται, ἔπειτα ὅτι ἀναγκάζομαι ὁ ἐλάχιστος ἀντιθετικῶς τὴν διά λεξιν ποιήσασθαι. ἀλλὰ συγγινωσκέτω ἡ μεγαλειότης σου· περὶ γὰρ ἀληθείας ὁ λόγος, ἧς οὐδὲν προτιμότερον οὐδὲ αἰδεστικώτερον. Τί δὲ τὸ ἐμφερόμενον ἐν τοῖς γράμμασι, περὶ οὗ ἡ λύπη; ἡμεῖς, φησίν, οὔτε κτένεσθαι τοὺς Μανιχαίους οὔτε μὴ κτένεσθαι συνεβουλεύσαμεν· εἰ δὲ καὶ ἐπετρέψαμεν, τῶν καλλίστων τὸ μέγιστον εἴχομεν ἂν ποιῆσαι. τί φῆς, ὦ θεοτίμητε; ὁ Κύριος ἀπηγόρευσεν ἐν τοῖς εὐαγγελίοις τοῦτο, εἰπών· οὔ, μήποτε συλλέγοντες τὰ ζιζάνια ἐκριζώσητε ἅμα αὐτοῖς τὸν σῖτον· ἄφετε συναυξάνεσθε μέχρι τοῦ θερισμοῦ. καὶ αὐτὸς τῶν καλλίστων τὸ μέγιστον φαίης εἶναι τὴν ἐπιτροπὴν τῆς ἐκριζώσεως; καὶ ὅτι τὰ ζιζάνια τοὺς αἱρετικοὺς εἴρηκεν, τούς τε τηνικαῦτα δῆλον ὅτι καὶ τοὺς ἐφ' ὑστέρῳ, ἤγουν ἅπαντας, ἀκουσώμεθα τοῦ Χρυσοστόμου, αὐτὸ τοῦτο ἑρμηνεύοντος· ἐφ' ᾧ τάδε· τί οὖν ὁ δεσπότης κωλύει λέγων, μήποτε ἐκριζώσητε ἅμα αὐτοῖς τὸν σῖτον; τοῦτο δὲ ἔλεγεν κωλύων πολέμους γίνεσθαι καὶ αἵματα καὶ σφαγάς· οὐ γὰρ δεῖ ἀναιρεῖν αἱρετικούς, ἐπεὶ ὁ πόλεμος ἄσπονδος ἔμελλεν εἰς τὴν οἰκουμένην εἰσάγεσθαι. καὶ μεθ' ἕτερα· τί δὲ ἄλλο διὰ τοῦ μὴ ἐκριζώσητε ἅμα αὐτοῖς τὸν σῖτον ἢ τοῦτό φησιν, ὅτι "4εἰ μέλλοιτε κινεῖν ὅπλα καὶ κατασφάττειν αἱρετικούς, ἀνάγκη πολλοὺς καὶ τῶν ἁγίων συγκαταβάλλεσθαι"5. ὅπερ καὶ γέγονεν ἐν τοῖς καθ' ἡμᾶς χρόνοις· καὶ γὰρ καὶ αἵματα καὶ σφαγαὶ ἐπλήρωσαν τὴν καθ' ἡμᾶς οἰκουμένην καὶ πολλοὶ τῶν ἁγίων συναπῆλθον· καὶ ὁ λόγος τοῦ Κυρίου οὐ διέπεσεν, ὡς ὡμολόγηται παρὰ πολλοῖς. καὶ τί λέγομεν περὶ τοῦ μὴ ἐπιτρέπειν κτένεσθαι αἱρετικούς; οὐδέ γε κατεύχεσθαι αὐτῶν συγκεχώρηται ἡμῖν. ἀκουσώμεθα γὰρ αὖθις τοῦ Κυρίου πρὸς Κάρπον τὸν ἅγιον, ὡς ὑποδεδήλωται διὰ φωνῆς Διονυσίου τοῦ πανσόφου, λέγοντος· παῖε κατ' ἐμοῦ λοιπόν· ἕτοιμος γάρ εἰμι καὶ αὖθις ὑπὲρ ἀνθρώπων ἀνασῳζομένων παθεῖν, καὶ προσφιλές μοι τοῦτο, μὴ ἄλλων ἁμαρτανόντων ἀνθρώπων. πλὴν ὅρα εἰ καλῶς ἔχει σοι τὴν ἐν τῷ χάσματι μετὰ τῶν ὄφεων μονὴν ἀνταλλάξασθαι τῆς μετὰ θεοῦ καὶ τῶν ἀγαθῶν καὶ φιλανθρώπων ἀγγέλων. Ὁρᾷς, θεοσύνετε, τὴν θείαν ἀγανάκτησιν, ἐπειδὴ κατηύχετο τῶν αἱρετικῶν ἀπαλλαγῆναι τῆς ζωῆς, καὶ ὅπως, εἰ ἐπιμένων τῇ διαθέσει ταύτῃ ἦν, ἔμελλεν ὁ ἅγιος καταδικάζεσθαι; οὔτε οὖν, ὡς δέδειχεν ἡ ἀλήθεια, κατεύχεσθαι δεῖ ὅλως, μᾶλλον μὲν οὖν ὑπερεύχεσθαι, ὡς αὐτὸς ὁ Κύριος ὑπέδειξεν ἐν τῷ τοῦ πάθους καιρῷ, λέγων πρὸς τὸν ἑαυτοῦ πατέρα· πάτερ, ἄφες αὐτοῖς τὴν ἁμαρτίαν· οὐ γὰρ οἴδασι τί ποιοῦσιν. τὸ δὲ φαίειν σου τὴν ἁγιωσύνην ἔχειν αὐτῇ συμφωνοῦντας ἐν τῷ προβλήματι τούσδε τοὺς ἁγίους, σύγγνωθι, πάτερ, οὐ καλῶς ἐκλαμβάνομεν τὰς τῶν ἁγίων φωνὰς κἀντεῦθεν εὑρισκόμεθα πατρομαχίαν, μᾶλλον δὲ θεομαχίαν εἰσφέροντες. ὁ γάρ τοι θεῖος Κύριλλος ἐν τοῖς κατὰ Ἰουλιανὸν κατὰ τὸ πάλαι νενομοθετημένον προύτεινε τὴν ῥῆσιν, οὐκ ἐφάμιλλον τῇ νέᾳ τὴν παλαιὰν συμβάλλων (μὴ γένοιτο)· οὐ γὰρ ἠγνόει ὅτι ὅσα ὁ νόμος λέγει, τοῖς ἐν τῷ νόμῳ λαλεῖ, οὐδὲ τὴν τοῦ σωτῆρος σύγκρισιν, ἐν ᾗ φησιν· ἐρρήθη τοῖς ἀρχαίοις τόδε, ἐγὼ δὲ λέγω ὑμῖν τόδε. ὥστε, καθά φησιν ὁ θεοφάντωρ Διονύσιος πρός τινα Δημόφιλον, οὐκ ἀποδεξόμεθά σου τὰς ἀζηλώτους ὁρμάς, οὐδ' εἰ μυριάκις ἐπαναλάβοις τὸν Φινεὲς καὶ τὸν Ἠλίαν· ταῦτα γὰρ ἀκούοντα τὸν Ἰησοῦν οὐκ ἤρεσκον οἱ τοῦ πραέος τότε καὶ ἀγαθοῦ πνεύματος ἀμέτοχοι μαθηταί. καὶ γὰρ καὶ ὁ θειότατος ἡμῶν ἱεροθέτης ἐν πραότητι διδάσκειν τοὺς ἀντιδιατιθεμένους τῇ διδασκαλίᾳ τοῦ θεοῦ· διδάσκεσθαι γὰρ οὐ τιμωρεῖσθαι χρὴ τοὺς ἀγνοοῦντας. ἐνωτίσμεθα οὖν, ὦ μάκαρ, ἃ λέλεχεν καὶ ὁ ἱερὸς Παῦλος, ὁ ἥλιος τῆς ὑπ' οὐρανόν. λέγει τοίνυν καὶ ὁ θεοφόρος Ἰγνάτιος· τοὺς μισοῦντας οὖν τὸν θεὸν μισεῖν χρὴ καὶ ἐπὶ τοῖς ἐχθροῖς αὐτοῦ ἐκτετηκέναι, οὐ μὴν δὲ διώκειν ἡμᾶς αὐτοὺς ἢ τύπτειν, καθάπερ καὶ τὰ ἔθνη τὰ μὴ εἰδότα τὸν θεόν· εἰ δὲ οὐ τύπτειν δεῖ, σχολῇ γ' ἂν αὐτοὺς κτένειν. ἐπειδὴ δὲ καὶ τὸν ἅγιον Συμεὼν τὸν τοῦ θαυμαστοῦ ὄρους εἴληφας, δέσποτα, συνᾴδειν σοι, μὴ τοῦτο οἴου, ἱερέ, ὡς μάχεται Χριστῷ ἢ τοῖς ὑπὲρ αὐτὸν διδασκάλοις, ἀλλὰ τί; ἐπὶ ἔθνει τραυματίζοντι τὸ χριστιανικὸν φῦλον ὁ λόγος αὐτῷ τῆς πρὸς τὸν τηνικαῦτα βασιλέα παρακλήσεως, ὡς ἂν μὴ πορθοῦνται ὑπὸ Σαμαρειτῶν οἱ χριστιανοί. καὶ εὖ γε ἔχει, καὶ νῦν τὸ αὐτὸ τοῦτο παρακαλοῦμεν, καὶ Σκύθας καὶ Ἄραβας θανατοῦντας τὸν λαὸν τοῦ θεοῦ πολεμεῖν καὶ μὴ φείδεσθαι τοὺς βασιλέας. ἄλλο τοῦτο κἀκεῖνο ἕτερον, τὸ μὲν ἐπὶ τοὺς πολεμίους, τὸ δὲ ἐπὶ τοὺς ὑπὸ χεῖρα αἱρετικούς· τὸ γάρ τοι περὶ τοῦ Νηστευτοῦ Ἰωάννου, τοῦ τῆς Κωνσταντινουπόλεως προέδρου, οὔ μοι φαίνεται ἀληθές, ἐπιτρέψαι ἀνασκολοπισθῆναι τοὺς γόητας, ἀλλὰ παρακεχωρηκέναι· φονεῖς γὰρ καὐτοί, ἐφ' οὓς οὐ κωλυτέον τοῖς κρατοῦσι τὰ τῶν Ῥωμαϊκῶν νόμων δρᾶν· οὐ γὰρ εἰκῇ, φησί, τὴν μάχαιραν φοροῦσιν, ἔκδικοί εἰσι τῷ τὸ κακὸν πράσσοντι. οὐ μὴν ἐφ' οὓς ὁ Κύριος ἐκώλυσεν ἐπιτρέπειν χρή· σωμάτων γὰρ ἄρχοντες τοὺς ἐν τοῖς σωματικοῖς ἁλόντας ἐξὸν αὐτοῖς κολάζειν, οὐχὶ τοὺς ἐν τοῖς κατὰ ψυχήν· τῶν γὰρ ψυχῶν ἀρχόντων τοῦτο, ὧν τὰ κολαστήρια ἀφορισμοὶ καὶ αἱ λοιπαὶ ἐπιτιμίαι. Οὕτως οὖν, ὦ δέσποτα, ἡμεῖς οἱ εὐτελεῖς φρονοῦμεν· καί γε, ἵνα ἐν ἀφροσύνῃ εἴποιμι, καὶ παρρησίᾳ λελαλήκαμεν τῷ μὲν μακαριωτάτῳ ἡμῶν πατριάρχῃ ὅτι "4μαχαίρᾳ ἡ ἐκκλησία οὐκ ἐκδικεῖ"5 (καὶ κατένευσεν), τοῖς δὲ τὴν σφαγὴν δράσασι βασιλεῦσι, τῷ μὲν πρώτῳ ὅτι "4οὐκ ἠρέσθη θεὸς ἐπὶ τῇ τοιαύτῃ ἀναιρέσει"5, τῷ δὲ δευτέρῳ, ἀπαιτοῦντι τὴν συνηγορίαν τῆς ἀναιρέσεως, ὅτι "4πρότερον ἡ κεφαλή μου αἴρεται ἤπερ συνθέσθαι με τούτῳ"5. ταῦτα δὴ παρ' ἡμῶν τῶν ἁμαρτωλῶν· ὑμεῖς δέ, ἁγιώτατοι, εἰ ἕτερον εὐαγγέλιον ἀνέγνωτε, ὅπερ ἡμεῖς οὐκ ἴσμεν, εὖ ἂν ἔχοι· εἰ δὲ μή, σκοπήσατε τί ὁ ἀπόστολος ἀποφαίνηται.