Ambrose of Milan

Ambrosius Mediolanensis

bishop|340–397|Milan
Ambrose of Milan (c. 340–397) was the bishop who taught the Roman Empire that the church could say no to emperors. A provincial governor who was elected bishop by popular acclamation before he was even baptized, Ambrose combined the administrative instincts of a Roman official with the moral authority of a Christian pastor to become the most politically powerful churchman of the fourth century. His confrontation with Emperor Theodosius I after the massacre at Thessalonica — forcing the emperor to do public penance — established a precedent that would echo through Western history. His surviving letters — just 13 in this collection, though more exist in the broader corpus — cover church governance, doctrinal disputes, and the relationship between church and state. They reveal a man of immense moral certainty and considerable political skill, equally comfortable writing a theological treatise and managing a confrontation with imperial power. His most famous letter to his sister Marcellina describes his discovery of the relics of Saints Gervasius and Protasius — a masterpiece of pastoral drama. Ambrose matters because he defined the role of the Western bishop as an independent moral authority. His letters show us a man who genuinely believed that a bishop's duty was to speak truth to power, regardless of the political consequences — and who had the courage and the skill to back that belief up. His voice is confident, authoritative, and occasionally magnificent: the voice of a man who knew he was shaping the future.
103
Letters sent
3
Letters received
106
Total letters
10
Correspondents

Top correspondents

All letters (106)

From Basil of Caesareac. 368

1. The gifts of the Lord are ever great and many; in greatness beyond measure, in number incalculable. To those who are not insensible of His mercy one of the greatest of these gifts is that of which I am now availing myself, the opportunity allowed us, far apart in place though we be, of addressing one another by letter.

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To Emperor Valentinianc. 380

This Epistle was written when Symmachus sent his memorial to Valentinian II. St. Ambrose presses on the Emperor the consideration that it is his business to defend religion, and not superstition.

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To Emperor Valentinianc. 380

Reply of St. Ambrose to the Memorial of Symmachus, in which after complimenting Valentinian he deals with three points of the Memorial. He replies to his opponent's personification of Rome in a singularly telling manner, and proves that the famine spoken of by Symmachus had nothing to do with the cessation of heathen rites.

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To sister, dearer to him than eyes and life, Ambrosec. 381

St. Ambrose relates to his sister the events at Milan connected with the demand of the Arians for a basilica, and how the people rose up in opposition. Then that on the second day the basilica had been occupied by soldiers, who however fraternized with the Catholics.

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To sister, dearer to him than eyes and life, Ambrosec. 382

St. Ambrose in a letter to his sister gives an account of the finding of the bodies of SS. Gervasius and Protasius, and of his addresses to the people on that occasion.

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To Gratianc. 385
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To Gratianc. 385
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To Emperors Gratian, Valentinian II, and Theodosiusc. 385
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To Emperors Gratian, Valentinian II, and Theodosiusc. 385
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To Emperor Theodosius Ic. 385
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To Arian argumentsc. 385
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To Emperors Gratian, Valentinian II, and Theodosiusc. 385
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To His sister Marcellinac. 385
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To His sister Marcellinac. 385
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To Gratianc. 385
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To Emperor Theodosius Ic. 385
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To Emperor Theodosius Ic. 385
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To Chromatius, Jovinus, and Eusebiusc. 385
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To Christian community at Vercellic. 385
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To Gratianc. 385
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To Irenaeusc. 385
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To His sister Marcellinac. 385
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To Vigilius, of Trentc. 385
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To Church of Neocaesareac. 385
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To Gratianc. 385
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To His sister Marcellinac. 385
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To Sabinus, Guardian (Defensorem)c. 385
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To Studiusc. 385
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To Irenaeusc. 385
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To Church of Neocaesareac. 385
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To Sabinus, Guardian (Defensorem)c. 385
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To Horontianusc. 385
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To Horontianusc. 385
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To Horontianusc. 385
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To Horontianusc. 385
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To Horontianusc. 385
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To Horontianusc. 385
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To Church of Neocaesareac. 385
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To Church of Neocaesareac. 385
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To Church of Neocaesareac. 385
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To Church of Neocaesareac. 385
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To Horontianusc. 385
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To Emperor Theodosius Ic. 385
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To Emperor Theodosius Ic. 385
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To Church of Neocaesareac. 385
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To Church of Neocaesareac. 385
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To The newly baptized of Milanc. 385
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To The newly baptized of Milanc. 385
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To Sabinus, Guardian (Defensorem)c. 385
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To Gratianc. 385
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To Sabinus, Guardian (Defensorem)c. 385
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To Church of Neocaesareac. 385
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To Emperor Theodosius Ic. 385
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To Church of Neocaesareac. 385
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To Church of Neocaesareac. 385
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To Church of Neocaesareac. 385
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To The usurper Eugeniusc. 385
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To Church of Neocaesareac. 385
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To Severus, of Aquileiac. 385
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To Church of Neocaesareac. 385
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To Emperor Theodosius Ic. 385
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To Emperor Theodosius Ic. 385
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To Church of Neocaesareac. 385
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To Horontianusc. 385
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To Church of Neocaesareac. 385
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To Romulusc. 385
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To Simplicianusc. 385
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To Emperors Gratian, Valentinian II, and Theodosiusc. 385
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To Patiensc. 385
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To Church of Neocaesareac. 385
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To Emperor Theodosius Ic. 385
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To Church of Neocaesareac. 385
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To Clementianusc. 385
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To Emperor Theodosius Ic. 385
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To Church of Neocaesareac. 385
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To Church of Neocaesareac. 385
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To Sabinus, Guardian (Defensorem)c. 385
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To Felix, of Messana (Messene)c. 385
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To Belliciusc. 385
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To Church of Neocaesareac. 385
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To Church of Neocaesareac. 385
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To His sister Marcellinac. 385
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To Church of Neocaesareac. 385
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To Theophilus, of Alexandriac. 385
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To Church of Neocaesareac. 385
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To Vigilius, of Trentc. 385
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To Church of Neocaesareac. 385
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To Sabinus, Guardian (Defensorem)c. 385
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To Honoriusc. 385
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To Church of Neocaesareac. 385
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To Emperor Theodosius Ic. 388

St. Ambrose begs Theodosius to listen to him, as he cannot be silent without great risk to both. He points out that Theodosius though God-fearing may be led astray, and points out that his decision respecting the restoration of the Jewish synagogue is full of peril, exposing the bishop to the danger of either acting against the truth or of death.

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To sister, dearer to him than eyes and life, Ambrosec. 389

St. Ambrose in this letter to his sister continues the account of the matters contained in his letter to Theodosius, and of a sermon which he subsequently delivered before the Emperor, with the result that the Emperor, when St. Ambrose refused to offer the Sacrifice before receiving a promise that the objectionable order should be revoked, yielded.

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To Emperor Theodosius Ic. 393

Addressed to the Emperor Theodosius after the massacre at Thessalonica. St. Ambrose begins by stating his reasons for not having met the Emperor on his return to Milan.

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To Emperor Eugeniusc. 395

St. Ambrose informs the Emperor Eugenius why he was absent from Milan. He then proceeds to reprove him for his conduct with regard to heathen worship.

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To Church of Neocaesareac. 397

Limenius, Bishop of Vercellæ, having died, the see remained long vacant owing to domestic factions. St. Ambrose, therefore, as Exarch, writes to the Christians at Vercellæ, and commences by reference to the speedy and unanimous election of Eusebius, a former Bishop, and reminds them of the presence of Christ as a reason for concord.

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